What is a Sensitivity Test/Analysis of a Cashflow Sensitivity analysis determines how different values of an independent variable affect a particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions. In other words, sensitivity analyses study how various sources of uncertainty in a mathematical model contribute to the model's overall uncertainty. This technique is used within specific boundaries that depend on one or more input variables. from Investopedia Sensitivity Test considered Parameters The sensitivity test of nine variables as stated in Table 1 was carried out with a minimum and maximum outcome assessed. As indicated in the results in Table 2, the feasibility of cash flow variables of Equity IRR (leveraged), Project IRR (unleveraged), and minimum DSCR was assessed for the bankability and viability of the onshore wind farm proposed investment. Furthermore, the results are illustrated below in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4. Sensitivity Test Parameters Considered Table 1 - Sensitivity Test parameters considered Base Model that this Sensitivity Analysis is based on : You may also find Useful: Wind Energy Overview: Onshore vs Offshore farm costs Sensitivity Test Results Summary of Results Operating & Maintenance Cost A 10% or 20% O&M cost fluctuation indicates a minimal difference (0.3 – 0.5%) of equity return however the minimum DSCR drops to a low of 1.01 suggesting a high risk on debt service payments. It could be considered that as the project progresses and the wind energy production popularity increases in the global markets, a potential decrease in O&M cost will increase the profitability of the project. However, this is a speculative statement and a high risk of assuming such an improvement is associated with it. Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) purchase rate A power purchase agreement (PPA) has the highest volatility towards the cash flow model of equity difference of 3.9% (see Table 2). If the SPC agrees to a PPA minimum tariff rate of 45 EUR/MWh, the DSCR drops to 0.87 indicating that the project is not going to be profitable. Interest rate A 2% interest rate increase results in a minimum DSCR of 0.88 with the cash flow model suggesting that the payments of the first year of operations (2025) cannot be paid. In this case, further debt sculpting is suggested to avoid negative net cash flow in the first year of operations. On the other hand, a decrease in interest rates as expected will increase shareholders' equity return. Annual project power production probability A power production probability of either P50 (750,000 MWh/annum) or P60 (725,000 MWh/annum) has a very low impact on the overall bankability and shareholders' profits. The values found from the sensitivity analysis indicate minimal variation and are similar to the base model results. Capital cost As seen in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4, a 10% capital cost overrun reduces the investor's profits by 1.7% and the unleveraged (project) IRR by 0.87% (based on the base model) as well as the DSCR drops to 0.92. This indicates that the project is struggling to pay off its debt in the first years of operations due to the minimum DSCR being lower than 1.0. Furthermore, lenders and investors will demand a competent contractor to undertake the project under a turnkey contract to minimize the risk of construction overruns, nevertheless a low DSCR questions the viability of incurring high project risks. Inflation The current COVID-19 pandemic resulted in inflation rates fluctuation. An inflation variation of 2% has a minimum impact to min DSCR (1.01 to 1.05), however, costs and revenues will result in an Equity IRR range of 9.4% - 12.70% subsequently increasing or decreasing the profits of shareholders. Construction Duration A construction overrun of 6 months has a very minimal impact on shareholder equity return. However, a 6-month earlier completion increases equity IRR to 12.9% which is a 1.9% increase compared to the base model. Minimal impact on DSCR is found. Wind turbine generators (WTGs) degradation An annual WTGs degradation increase accounts for a minimal drop of 0.5% of base model equity IRR and project IRR. No change in minimum DSCR was found. It could be argued that a decrease in degradation factor will increase WTGs efficiency and hence increase the revenues. However, this advancement is solely dependent on technological improvements hence it cannot be included as a reasonable parameter in future cash flow models. You may also like: Wind Energy Overview 2022 Access the Structures Insider Hub and download the FULL Report for free Sensitivity Test Results Summary Overall, inflation, capital cost, and PPA have the highest impact on the base cash flow. Lenders will demand, therefore, that these variables be considered with potential solutions such as debt sculpting to allow sufficient net cash flow for the initial years of operations and ensure the bankability of the project and the payment of interest and debt payments. Furthermore, a potential capital injection/ further borrowing of capital could be required if the above variables are implemented in a combined worst scenario. It is advised that this should be avoided as extra borrowing could be challenging after the financial close. Other Potential Sensitivity Tests Further sensitivity analysis could be carried on to evaluate the viability of spot energy sales compared to a PPA. This could be found very challenging as it is very hard to accurately evaluate future market trends on energy costs and hence a higher risk is accounted for. Also, if an unexpected maintenance cost is required throughout the project (e.g., WTG replacement), the equity IRR could substantially decrease if in some years a higher percentage of profits need to be allocated to unexpected maintenance costs. Discover: Construction Finance at Coursera by Columbia University What you will learn: This course expands the knowledge of a construction project manager to include an understanding of economics and the mathematics of money, an essential component of every construction project. Topics covered include the time value of money, the definition and calculation of the types of interest rates, and the importance of Cash Flow Diagrams. Take the free Course Now

Introduction to theories Management has only existed as a named discipline for around 100 years, but clearly, the elements of the subject have been around since the beginning of human history. Much of management has arisen through conquest and the use of military terminology of strategy/ tactical is used. There is no single way of explaining management and organisational theories as they are a group of related theories. Management theory can be described as a theoretical means of understanding the organisation and its people and how the organisation's structure works to increase effectiveness. The early theorists divide into main groups, the practising managers or classical and the social scientists who emphasise human behaviour, motivation, communication and leadership styles. The initiator of classical/ scientific theory in 1900 was pioneer F.W Taylor, typically defined as Taylorism. Classical theory was concentrated on using people well and concentrating on efficiency in the workplace to increase productivity which later laid the work for Gantt charts to be developed. On the other hand, Fayol, a pioneer of organisational theory focused on managers rather than workers, where he derived 14 principles such as the unity of command and direction. In around 1925 Human relations theory was introduced which was centred around treating people well and when people are happy they work better which was pioneered by Elton Mayo. Moreover, system theory pioneered by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, have in mind that organisations have to become part of the greater environment such as civil engineering firms are all part of the built environment. And finally, around 1975 the contingency theory was introduced which looked at organisational effectiveness and looked at the best way to manage the organisation based on the task and manager fit. Pioneers of contingency were Lawrence and Lorch and Burn and Stalker. Classical theory Classical theory was all about the efficiency of workers and the argument that managers must manage, and workers must do the work (i.e. inhuman approach) which is derived as one way of formal communication in a formal hierarchical organisation structure. Taylorism is about the division of work and getting people to do what they were good at by methods and procedures used for coordination and control of work. It emphasises on careful selection of workers and inducing and training the worker by the scientific method. Taylorism believed in the rational-economic needs concept of motivation. Classical theory is based on determining the efficiency of production through work observation and time measurements where efficiency can be measured and improved. As developed by Weber a bureaucracy that exercises authority and power included the division of labour based on routines and defined tasks, authority hierarchy with a clear chain of command, formal selection of people, formal rules and regulations for operating procedures and impersonality which means everyone must obey the rules and controls. Human relations approach Human relations theory is based on treating people well and attention is given to social factors at work to make people happy, so they work better in this theory, the focus is shifted from task to workers and worker's cognitive and emotional aspects of work. This theory involves the understanding of how people behave in the workplace and this type of organisation have people's needs as the decisive factor in making organisations more effective and gives less emphasis on the task. Workers’ opinions, complaints, suggestions and feelings to increase satisfaction and production are communicated. The Hawthorne experiments which were conducted by Mayo found that productivity increased because attention was paid to the workers. It also found that individual or group performance is influenced by human behaviour factors. Moreover, the neo-human relations which identify the need to give workers more responsibilities and job enrichment as well as the need for managers to learn to trust their subordinates will improve organisation efficiency. This had to do with a major motivational and leadership style change in terms of McGregor's Theory X and Y. Human relations tended more toward Theory Y. Also Maslow’s hierarchy of needs could be applied to this theory as the levels of human needs such as physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation could be used to identify the needs of people at work which by satisfying them will make them motivated to do good work. Systems theory Quick definition: The integration of classical and human relations approaches. The importance of the socio-technical system. The organisation within its eternal environment System theory views organisations as complex systems of people, tasks and technology which basically integrates classical and human relation approaches together. It encourages managers to interrelate the organisation with its people and to view the organisation both as a whole and a part of a large environment. The system approach consists of four main elements, input, process, outputs and feedback. A supra-system is a macro-level system composed of a number of subsystems. The individual units forming a system are typically called subsystems, elements or components. Systems tend to seek a steady state between forces that are strongly opposed to one another. Engineers tend to work better in an open system hence non-authoritarian leadership from engineering firms with a matrix organisational structure is preferred which encourages collaboration. Contingency theory Form of structure, management, and success of the organisation dependent upon a range of situational variables Contingency theory suggests that there is no one best design of an organisation as it depends on the best fit between task and manager and the circumstances in which it operates. Depending on the tasks the situational leadership theory can be applied which states that as the level of maturity of the follower continues to increase in terms of accomplishing a specific task, the leader should begin to reduce task behaviour and increase relationship behaviour. Management theories relevance to the 2022 Construction industry Even though these theories are derived years ago they still are relevant For example, classical theory gave us work-study, planning studies such as Gantt charts, and method study which is still applied to projects. The classical approach prompted the start of a more systematic view of management and attempted to provide some common principles applicable to all organisations such as attempting to analyse the effectiveness of the design of organisation structure. Also, from Fayol the main principles of bonus schemes, are industrial relations. It is applied to the continuum of leadership, fit for the best job, some jobs you need to give a lot of direction or there is a two-way communication Systems theory largely describes how civil engineering projects operate and are administered (we work in an open system) with the majority of construction projects being structured in a matrix-type organisation structure which promotes collaboration. Decision theory also is much used in relation to classifying risk in projects. Contingency theory identifies variables likely to affect projects and seeks to match resources to the task at hand as every project in civil engineering is unique and will require a different approach. The human relations theories recognised the importance of the informal organisation, which will always be present within the formal structure and influence the motivation of employees who will view the organisation for which they work through the values and attitudes of their colleagues. Recognition of the socio-technical approach is of particular importance today which argues that people must be considered as at least an equal priority along with investment in technology. It has been highlighted that major technological change has brought about dramatic changes in worker behaviour and requirements and it is essential to remember that it is people who unlock the benefits and opportunities of information and communications technology. Recommended further reading: Leadership style (McGregor's Theory X and Y) Differences between Functional vs Matrix organization structure in Engineering firms The Effective Performance of a Team

Article by: BanBanjara.com One of the best ways to connect with nature in India is camping. Enjoying a bonfire night with friends and family under the blanket of stars and living in tented lodgings is a feeling that nothing can beat. If you want to have a peaceful experience in the lap of nature, far from the hustle and bustle of the cities then camping is the best activity for you. It is a therapeutic and a stress-busting experience. Top 10 Famous camping sites in India Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh Rishikesh in Uttarakhand Mussoorie in Uttarakhand Anjuna beach in goa Sam Sand dunes in Jaisalmer Solang Valley in manali Tso Moriri in Ladakh Chandratal lake in himachal pradesh Neora valley camp in west bengal Nameri eco camp in Assam 1.  Spiti valley in Himachal Pradesh Spiti Valley, which is Nestled in the Keylong district of Himachal Pradesh is one of the most famous camping sites in India. this place offers the pure beauty of nature, beautiful lakes, barren hills, and monasteries. People who are trekking and adventure enthusiasts come to Spiti Valley to explore this beautiful region of the Himalayas. This place is best for adventures if you are visiting in the summer which means May to July are the best months. 2. Rishikesh in Uttarakhand Rishikesh is the best travel destination if you are willing to reconnect with nature along with performing adventurous sports. camping on the banks of the Ganga has a very spiritual vibe with a beautiful view of nature. Rishikesh has a variety of adventurous activities like river rafting and bungee jumping. You can also perform yoga on the bank of Ganga for a refreshing and peaceful experience. 3. Mussoorie in Uttarakhand Mussoorie is one of the most famous tour destinations in India, this is the best place to reconnect with nature. Camping in Mussoorie can be the best highlight of your trip because this place offers an alluring view of snow-capped mountains, an experience of trekking, and many adventurous activities. This place is the best if you want to escape from the hustle and bustle of the busy cities and want to rejuvenate in natural delight. Enjoy camping with a bonfire and a delicious meal cooked on an open fire. 4. Anjuna Beach in Goa Goa is famous for its beautiful beaches but have you ever experienced camping on a beach if not then you are missing the most wonderful experience that you can ever have in your lifetime. One of the most famous camping sites in Goa is Anjuna Beach. This famous beach of Goa offers the best scenes and lifestyle of Goa’s hippy culture. Camping on the beachside means you have great access to the beautiful sunset and sunrise view along with hearing the continuous melody of waves which will be a peaceful moment. You can also explore the nightlife of Goa by visiting flea markets, chapels, and more beaches. 5. Sam Sand Dunes in Jaisalmer Jaisalmer is one of the most beautiful cities in Rajasthan and camping there in Sam Sand Dunes which is located in the Thar desert offers a beautiful view of golden sand. There you will get to have a comfortable stay with traditional culture and hospitality with a campfire in the evening, an enjoyable camel safari, delicious cuisine of Rajasthan, and local folk dance and music. 6. Solang valley in Manali Solang Valley in Manali attracts tourists from all over the world because it is one of the most popular camping sites in India. This place offers a wide range of thrilling adventurous sports like skiing, paragliding, rock climbing, and bonfire which makes the camping experience more memorable. You can enjoy the bliss of the mountains and enjoy camping under the blanket of stars at night. 7. Tso Moriri in Ladakh Tso Moriri in Ladakh is one of the highest lakes in the world and is also one of the great camping sites in India. There you can go trekking and enjoy the wonderful view of the sunrise. If you are planning to visit this place then the best time to plan a trip is from May to September because the rest of the time the lake remains frozen. Camping in Tso Moriri can be the best lifetime experience for you. 8. Chandratal lake in himachal pradesh Chandratal Lake which is situated in Himachal Pradesh is one of the best places for camping where you can have a great experience of camping in natural bliss. This lake provides a delicate view of moonlight reflecting from it which is why it is also known as the “lake of moon”. The lake is situated about 4,300 meters above sea level, you can reach the shores after the trek. The beauty of this place will enchant you and give you some of the best memories to cherish for a lifetime. 9. Neora Valley Camp in West Bengal Neora Valley Camp is one of the best camping sites in India it is located at an altitude of 1868m. This is the best place for reconnecting with nature and for creating lots of memorable moments. This place will leave you amazed by its rich variety of habitats. The eco camps there are built with all the modern amenities. The campsite there is located on the catchment of Neora river. 10. Nameri eco camp in Assam The last camping site on our list is one of the best sites in India, camping in a national park is the best way to connect with nature along with having an amazing adventurous experience. Located in the national park of Assam Nameri eco camp offers various adventurous activities. You can enjoy activities like hiking, rafting in the Bhoroli River, going bird-watching, and many more. Camping in the Nameri eco camp is one of the best ways to connect with nature.

Article by: BanBanjara.com India is a country of many cultures and lively colors. It has history as well as stunning views which welcomes travelers with attractive places to visit. Look at the top places to visit in India. Each place has its mix of experiences that combine the country's exciting history and natural beauty. Agra - A Testament to Love and Architecture: The city of Agra, world famous for the Taj Mahal, is overflowing with history and love. The Taj Mahal, a sign of never-ending love, is an amazing building that surprises people with its tiny details and lovely looks. Besides the Taj, Agra has other historical spots like the Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri. It's great for people who love to learn about history. The exciting markets and yummy food make the city more attractive. This makes sure that Agra is a must-see place in India's list of best places to go. World One, Mumbai's new luxurious way of living Rajasthan - Where Royalty Meets Heritage Rajasthan, a state that shows royalty and history, is like going back in time to see India's olden days. Jaipur, the city with pink buildings and its big Hawa Mahal palace makes us want to see greatness. Jaisalmer, a city in the desert with its golden fort, and Udaipur with beautiful lakes add different colors to the royal story. The lively traditions of Rajasthan, shown through folk music, dance, and food make it an attractive place to go. So you need to visit this spot because it is one of the best places in India worth exploring! Mysorе - A Symphony of Palacеs and Gardеns Settled in the southern part of India, Mysore is a city that harmoniously blends history, architecture, and natural beauty. The opulent Mysore Palace, illuminatеd during thе Dasara festival, stands as a testament to the city's royal hеritage. The Brindavan Gardens, with its musical fountain, offers a serene retreat. Mysorе's vibrant markеts and silk-wеaving industry add a cultural richnеss, making it a dеlightful inclusion in thе compilation of thе bеst places to visit in India. Amritsar - The Spiritual Hub of Sikhism Amritsar, in thе hеart of Punjab, beckons travelers with the spiritual serenity of thе Goldеn Tеmplе. This iconic Sikh shrinе, surroundеd by thе shimmеring Amrit Sarovar, crеatеs an atmosphеrе of tranquility and dеvotion. Thе Jallianwala Bagh, a poignant mеmorial, bеars witnеss to historical еvеnts. Amritsar's bustling markеts and dеlеctablе Punjabi cuisinе furthеr еnhancе thе city's appеal, establishing it as a spiritual and cultural gеm among thе bеst places to visit in India. Ladakh - Thе Land of High Passеs Ladakh, situatеd in thе northеrnmost part of India, is a high-altitudе dеsеrt known for its surrеal landscapеs and spiritual retreats. The monasteries of Hеmis and Thiksеy, pеrchеd atop barrеn hills, provide a glimpsе into thе rеgion's Buddhist hеritagе. Thе shimmеring Pangong Lakе, surroundеd by snow-cappеd mountains, adds to thе ethereal beauty of Ladakh. Аdvеnturе enthusiasts find solace in trekking and river rafting, making Ladakh a must-visit dеstination for thosе seeking both tranquility and adrenaline amid thе bеst places to explore in India. Goa Bеachеs - Whеrе Sun, Sand, and Sеa meets in India Goa, with its sun-kissеd bеachеs and vibrant nightlifе, is a coastal havеn that attracts travеlеrs from around the globe. From thе livеly shorеs of Baga to thе tranquil Palolеm, еach beach offers a distinct еxpеriеncе. The Basilica of Bom Jеsus and Fort Aguada showcasе Goa's rich colonial history. Thе bustling markеts, watеr sports, and beachside shacks sеrving dеlеctablе seafood contribute to thе allurе of Goa's beaches, making it a pеrpеtual favorite in thе list of thе bеst placеs to visit in India. Dеlhi - A Tapеstry of History and Modеrnity Dеlhi, thе capital city, whеrе historical landmarks sеamlеssly blеnd with modеrnity. Thе Rеd Fort, Qutub Minar, and India Gatе stand as tеstamеnts to India's divеrsе history. The chaotic still charming lanеs of Old Dеlhi, with its spicе markеts and strееt food, provide an authentic еxpеriеncе. Dеlhi's musеums, contеmporary art gallеriеs, and vibrant shopping districts rеflеct its cosmopolitan character. The city's divеrsе offеrings make it an essential destination among thе bеst placеs to visit in India. Ellora & Ajanta Cavеs - Architеctural Marvеls in Stonе Thе Ellora and Ajanta Cavеs, situatеd in thе rock-cut architеcturе hub of Maharashtra, arе UNESCO World Hеritagе Sitеs that showcasе India's anciеnt artistic prowеss. Ellora, with its Kailasa Tеmplе, and Ajanta, adorned with anciеnt Buddhist paintings, prеsеnt a breathtaking journey through timе. Thеsе cavеs, carvеd mеticulously into thе rocky landscapе, stand as a tеstamеnt to thе detailed craftsmanship and rеligious divеrsity of anciеnt India. Exploring architectural wonders is a transformative еxpеriеncе, solidifying thеir placе among thе bеst placеs to visit in India. Varanasi - A Spiritual City by thе Gangеs Varanasi, onе of thе oldеst continuously inhabitеd citiеs in thе world, is a spiritual and cultural hub along thе sacrеd Gangеs Rivеr. Thе ghats, where pilgrims perform rituals and cеrеmoniеs, crеatе a mеsmеrizing atmosphеrе. Thе Ganga Aarti, a nightly spеctaclе, illuminatеs thе rivеr banks with fervent dеvotion. Thе winding lanеs, anciеnt tеmplеs, and vibrant markеts add to Varanasi's mystical charm, making it an important dеstination for thosе sееking a spiritual odyssey among thе bеst placеs to visit in India. Kеrala - God's Own Country Kеrala, also known as "God's Own Country," is a havеn of calm and natural bеauty in thе southеrn part of India. Thе sеrеnе backwatеrs of Allеppеy, thе lush tеa plantations of Munnar, and thе pristinе bеachеs of Varkala collectively contribute to Kеrala's divеrsе landscapes. Thе Ayurvеdic rеtrеats, traditional housеboat cruisеs, and cultural pеrformancеs makе Kеrala a holistic dеstination that deserves a prominеnt spot among thе bеst placеs to visit in India. The Final Words In concluding this exploration of thе 10 bеst placеs to visit in India, we find oursеlvеs immеrsеd in a tapestry of history, spirituality, and natural splеndor. From thе еtеrnal lovе symbolizеd by thе Taj Mahal in Agra to thе rеgal grandеur of Rajasthan's palacеs, еach dеstination unfolds a uniquе chaptеr of India's divеrsе hеritagе. Mysorе's symphony of palacеs and gardеns, Amritsar's spiritual sеrеnity, and Ladakh's high-altitude offеr a myriad of еxpеriеncеs. Goa's bеaches, Delhi's historical richnеss, and thе architecture marvels of Ellora and Ajanta Caves showcasе India's vivid cultural canvas. Varanasi's spiritual odyssеy and Kеrala's amazing bеauty, referred to as "God's Own Country," bring our journey to a sеrеnе conclusion. Each dеstination, carefully curatеd in thе list of thе bеst places to visit in India, invitеs travelers to discovеr thе heart and soul of this incrеdiblе country, leaving thеm with unforgettable memories and a longing to explore еvеn more of its enchanting wonders.

In the bustling streets of New York City stands an architectural gem that has captivated the world for over a century. The Flatiron Building, with its striking triangular form, isn't just a skyscraper; it's a testament to visionary engineering and timeless design. Why is the Flatiron building so famous? A 'Flatiron': Built as the headquarters of the Fuller Construction company, the skyscraper was meant to be named Fuller Building. But locals soon dubbed it 'Flatiron' after its unusual shape, caused by the triangular plot. Flatiron Facts 📚📐 Year of construction: 1902 Architects: D. H. Burnham & Co, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Dinkelberg Facade: limestone & terra-cotta Height: 22 stories, 87 m (285 ft) Width: at the triangular vertex only 2 m (6.5 ft) Structural system: steel-skeleton frame with masonry cladding Location: 175 Fifth Avenue in the Flatiron District neighbourhood of borough of Manhattan, New York City Engineering Ingenuity: The Birth of a Landmark Constructed in 1902, the Flatiron Building emerged as a collaboration between the architectural prowess of D. H. Burnham & Co, helmed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg. Rising proudly at 175 Fifth Avenue in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, its unconventional shape was not just happenstance but a result of the unique triangular plot it was built. The Legend of the 'Flatiron' Building Initially intended as the headquarters for the Fuller Construction Company, the skyscraper was slated to bear the name 'Fuller Building.' However, the locals, mesmerized by its distinctive form resembling a household flat iron, coined the endearing nickname 'Flatiron Building,' which endures to this day. Unraveling its Engineering Brilliance The Flatiron Building's fame extends beyond its unique silhouette. Its engineering brilliance lies in the utilization of a steel-skeleton frame, a revolutionary concept in the early 20th century. This innovative framework allowed for unprecedented height and stability, defying conventional construction norms of the time. The structure's triangular shape, while iconic, presented engineering challenges. To counter wind forces and distribute loads efficiently, the engineers incorporated a robust steel framework, ensuring both strength and stability despite the building's slender profile. Legacy and Enduring Influence Beyond its architectural significance, the Flatiron Building stands as a beacon of innovation, inspiring generations of architects and engineers. Its pioneering design principles, notably the steel-skeleton frame, paved the way for modern skyscrapers worldwide, setting new standards in tall building construction. Even a century later, the Flatiron Building continues to captivate admirers and remains a symbol of New York City's skyline, its timeless elegance standing as a testament to the fusion of engineering excellence and artistic vision. An Enduring Architectural Icon The Flatiron Building transcends its physical presence; it embodies an era of daring innovation and engineering prowess. From its inception in the early 20th century to its revered status today, this architectural masterpiece remains a testament to the fusion of form, function, and forward-thinking engineering—a timeless tribute to human ingenuity amidst the urban landscape of New York City. The Flatiron Building, with its innovative design and enduring legacy, continues to be an emblem of architectural brilliance and engineering innovation in the heart of Manhattan. Source: aviewoncities

Remote sensing has emerged as a transformative technology across various domains, with civil engineering standing prominently among its beneficiaries. It encompasses acquiring data about the Earth's surface and surroundings from a distance, thereby preventing the necessity for direct physical contact. The impact of this technology on the field of civil engineering has been profound, yielding enhancements in project planning, design, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental responsibility. In this article, we delve into the intricate applications and merits of remote sensing in civil engineering, with a focal emphasis on state-of-the-art technologies such as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and dataloggers. The Nuances of Remote Sensing in Civil Engineering The realm of remote sensing technologies encompasses an array of sophisticated methodologies, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), thermal imaging, drones, GNSS, and dataloggers. These instruments serve as invaluable tools in the hands of civil engineers, enabling the procurement of critical data about Earth's topography, land use, vegetation, infrastructure, and other key aspects. This data serves as the bedrock upon which sound and informed decisions are made throughout the various stages of construction projects. Satellite Sensor Typology The efficacy of remote sensing is significantly underpinned by the diverse satellite sensor types deployed: Passive Sensors: These sensors adeptly capture natural radiation emitted or reflected by Earth and its atmosphere. They encompass optical, infrared, and thermal sensors, and their capacity for capturing critical data cannot be understated. Active Sensors: These instruments deviate by emitting their radiation and then measuring the energy that is subsequently reflected. Notable examples include radar and LiDAR sensors, which provide a distinct set of data capture capabilities. Data Categories and Parameters Remote sensing generates a panoply of data categories and parameters, each optimized for specific applications: Optical Imagery: By capturing data within the visible and near-infrared spectrum, optical imagery renders scenes closely resembling human visual perception. This category finds extensive utility in land cover mapping, vegetation analysis, and urban development monitoring. Thermal Imagery: Involving the quantification of temperature differentials on the Earth's surface, thermal imagery proves invaluable for detecting heat islands, monitoring water temperature, and evaluating soil moisture levels. Radar Data: Distinguished by its capacity to operate effectively even under adverse conditions, including cloud cover and nocturnal settings, radar data acquisition is instrumental for measuring surface deformation, soil moisture content, and various other parameters. Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imagery: The collection of data across numerous spectral bands affords a level of detail enabling in-depth analysis of vegetation health, mineral composition, and water quality. This category is further complemented by spectral indices derived from multispectral data, a prime example being the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a critical metric for assessing vegetation health. Satellites and Their Functions The role of satellites in enabling the proficient execution of remote sensing for civil engineering cannot be overstated: Landsat Series (NASA/USGS): This series stands as a stalwart provider of multispectral imagery, extensively leveraged for land use and land cover mapping, agricultural monitoring, and water resource management. Sentinel Series (ESA): Distinguished by their provision of radar and multispectral imagery, the Sentinels serve multifaceted roles, encompassing land and water monitoring, emergency response, and climate change tracking. SMAP (NASA): Specializing in the measurement of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state dynamics, SMAP plays a critical role in advancing weather and climate forecasts. 5 Ways the 5G Revolution will change Civil Engineering and the construction industry The Synergy of Geotechnical Sensors and Satellite Data The integration of geotechnical sensors with satellite data heralds a new frontier in comprehensive infrastructure assessment. Combining the insights derived from ground-based sensors with those of satellite measurements amplifies accuracy and timeliness, thereby affording a holistic view of the monitored area. Anticipating the Future As technology continues to advance, several trends are poised to shape the trajectory of remote sensing and satellite technology: AI and Machine Learning: The amalgamation of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms with satellite and sensor data promises enhanced predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring, further raising the precision and sophistication of civil engineering practices. Next-Generation Satellites: The exploration of novel satellite technologies and sensors is set to provide diverse data types and parameters, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of ground and infrastructural conditions. Cross-Platform Data Integration: Efforts to harmonize data from disparate platforms are underway, striving for seamlessness that will enhance the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring and decision-making processes. In a nutshell, remote sensing and satellite sensors are MVPs in civil engineering. They're the reason we make better decisions, save money, and keep things safe. As tech keeps pushing boundaries, these tools will keep playing a big role in building a smarter, greener future. For a deeper dive, visit our websites: Encardio Main Site Geohub Proqio Encardio Rite Electronics Private Limited Established in 1966, Encardio Rite has been at the forefront of manufacturing advanced geotechnical and infrastructure health instruments. Our mission has always been to develop, manufacture, and market high-tech instruments while delivering unparalleled services. From bridges to tunnels and dams to mines, our sensing products have been instrumental in ensuring structural safety. Our extensive portfolio includes monitoring over 1000 km of structures worldwide, encompassing Metro tunnels, rail and road tunnels, sewer tunnels, dams, high-rise buildings, historical monuments, and online groundwater wells. Our esteemed clientele features industry stalwarts like Samsung Engineering, Larsen & Toubro, Atkins, Ohla, Strabag, Acciona, and Zublin. Stay abreast of our latest projects and insights by following us on LinkedIn or contacting us at geotech@encardio.com.

Could bots be the artificial sidekick the engineering industry needs? Introduction It is no secret that robots have slowly but surely been inserting their way into the lives of humans. Whether you have a Roomba clean your floors, an Alexa telling you what the weather is, or Siri setting your reminders, a robot has somehow become a part of your normal day-to-day. Robots in Civil Engineering In the civil engineering industry, drones are a type of robot that has "joined" the workforce so to speak. For those of you who are unfamiliar, a drone, by definition, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Drones can range in size from something like a small plane to a child's toy. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system, which includes adding a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV. Most people who fly drones know they are an excellent tool for capturing aerial views, but did you know that another major use of drone technology is inspection and land surveying? Civil and geotechnical engineers around the globe are now implementing drone surveying as part of the project planning process. Using an unmanned aerial vehicle for surveying purposes provides a quick and safe way to measure out large areas of land without risking human life by putting people on or near treacherous terrain. Engineers are even able to conduct surveying from a distance during rock blasting. These unmanned flying machines can map the earth's surface with incredible precision and accuracy, so they're being used more frequently for surveying. Another positive that comes with using drones is increased productivity. Consistent efficiency is key to the success and growth of any business, and drone technology in construction is an excellent method of improving productivity. Having high-quality, visual information will allow project teams to better inform decision-making, leading to an overall improvement in productivity. Another area in which drones improve productivity is freeing up time for people to work on different aspects of the project. This will free up resources for those who require a greater level of human interaction. Drones can investigate sites faster than humans can on foot. People can use that saved time working on tasks that require more of a human touch, such as finishing off details that would otherwise take longer to complete. Staying under budget is essential to the success of any construction project. Everything must run according to plan, and keeping track of the current progress will ensure a smooth process and avoid delays. Drones can play a huge role in ensuring that projects stay on schedule and within budget. Aerial imagery allows engineers to see exactly where they are on the project site, and compare the initial survey maps to the current flyovers. This gives them a clear picture of what has already been completed, and what still needs work. Drone footage can also be used to save time and money by reducing the number of hours spent on site. Sharing of Data Lastly, access to shareable data is something drones have been improving upon. The engineers who use drones to capture images and video footage can now share it across the entire project. These images and videos help keep stakeholders informed about progress and allow them to see exactly what work is being completed. Drones are also used to collect data that can be analyzed later. For example, if a contractor is working on an underground pipeline, they may send a drone into the ground to take photos and video footage. Later, these images and videos can be reviewed to determine whether any damage was caused during construction. Other areas where drones can prove to be effective: Site Reconnaissance Roadway Assessment Culvert/Bridge Inspections Streambank/Steep Slope Access Park and Open Space Aerial Imagery Water Tank/Standpipe Inspection Building/Roof Inspection Treatment Plants Orthophotography Terrain Modeling 3D Mapping Construction Inspection In addition to a little robot in the sky, there are efforts for a "swarm of mini robots" underground. Yes, a swarm. The underground excavation industry is exploring mini robots to replace the massive boring machines now in use. For decades engineers seeking to build tunnels underground have to rely on huge tube-like machines armed with a terrifying array of cutting wheels at the front — "blades that eat dirt for breakfast." These behemoths, known as tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are costly and often custom built for each project. The TBM used to dig a path for London's newly opened Elizabeth line railway was custom built for that job. The machines deployed to dig the tunnels under the UK capital weighed over 1,000 tonnes each and cut tunnels over seven metres in diameter. New tehnology in Tunnel Engineering HyperTunnel, a British firm, however, has other plans. The company envisions a future where considerably small, half-cylinder-shaped robots that are around 3 meters long go through pre-drilled pipes underground. These pipes, which would have a diameter of around 250 millimeters (10 inches), would trace the outline of the proposed tunnel's walls. Once inside, the bots would drill small holes into the surrounding dirt using a robotic arm equipped with a milling head, which would later be filled with concrete or another sturdy substance. In this manner, the framework of a new tunnel would be put together piece by piece. “We’re talking about thousands of them,” says hyperTunnel’s director of engineering, Patrick Lane-Nott. “Much like an ant colony or a termite colony works in swarms.” — Wired The tunneling experts who spoke to WIRED agreed that the industry is desperate for technological solutions to lower costs and increase efficiency. It can take years to design and build a TBM and then actually dig a tunnel. A new tunneling method would be revolutionary. This new method would be like building a tunnel in reverse. "We put the tunnel in the ground — and then we dig the hole," says Lane-Nott. Once the structure has been built, the material filling the tunnel's chamber can be removed. Obviously, this new method does not come without issues and concerns. None of these technologies have been able to perform at the scale they are needed for and the technology could still be years behind commercialization. It is nice to imagine a future where our technology is working for us and it is up to us as engineers to support this push forward. References Drones: Breakthrough Technology for the Civil Engineering Industry Drones are becoming more and more common in many sectors of the economy as they guarantee the fastest and most accurate…carrollengineering.com 9 ways technology is shifting the civil engineering industry Civil engineering is an ever-changing industry. With advancements in technology, we've seen the civil engineering field…www.usdredge.com The Major Benefits Of Using Drones In Civil Engineering | The Drone Life In civil engineering, an effective plan and efficient process is everything. One technology that is growing in use in…thedronelifenj.com Swarms of Mini Robots Could Dig the Tunnels of the Future The underground excavation industry is exploring mini robots, plasma torches, and superheated gas to replace the…www.wired.com

Due to the crowd- 👫 loading and synchronous lateral excitation caused on an opening day, the London Millennium bridge was swaying too much in an uncomfortable manner for pedestrians use. Synchronised walking of pedestrians caused an occurrence of the natural frequency of sway/lateral movement less than 3 Hz. Crowd loading caused outer span oscillations of about 50 mm at 0.8 Hz and at the centre span, a sway of about 75 mm at 1 Hz was recorded. The solution was to install Viscous Dampers to alternate lateral supports and increase vertical damping, therefore, the bridge will not oscillate again. 26 pairs of the known TDM dampers were installed as shown in the above picture. How Engineers Fixed it? Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change

Building a conservatory doesn’t have to come at the detriment of the environment. In fact, a well-constructed space that uses the right materials can actually help to boost the sustainability rating of your home. In this post, we take a look at three features that make for an environmentally friendly conservatory, so you can enjoy all the spoils of your project without harming the environment. Materials Your choice of materials in any building project will make a major difference to its environmental impact. Opting for renewable materials will help to give your space a more natural feel, while also boosting its eco credentials – a win-win for your sustainable project. Eco-friendly materials can also help to boost the energy efficiency of your home, so it’s well worth investing in the right ones for your build. Some of the most sustainable building materials include reclaimed wood, bamboo and clay brick. Once you have your structure in place, you can start to think about furnishing the interior. When it comes to decorating your space, start by looking for ways to upcycle existing items and materials that can be repurposed for use in your conservatory. Beyond that, you could look to buy secondhand items from an online marketplace or charity shop. If you do end up having to buy anything new, make sure to read into the item and manufacturer’s eco credentials to give you peace of mind that your entire space is aligning with your planet-friendly theme. Windows If you have carte blanche over your conservatory’s design, it’s a great opportunity to optimise the layout in the most eco-friendly and efficient way. A good place to start is with the windows. Think about their design and placement, so you can maximise the amount of natural light that enters your space. This way, you’ll be less reliant on artificial sources, saving you both money and energy at home. The type of windows you choose to install is also an important factor. Double and triple-glazed windows with a uPVC frame will help to minimise the amount of heat that can enter or escape your home, helping to keep your space cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Roofing It may not be the area you’ve given the most attention to when planning your conservatory design, but your choice of roof will have a major impact on how comfortable and eco-friendly your space will be. When it comes to the material, there are a lot of factors to consider. But if sustainability is top of your priority list, slate tile or clay roofs are some of the best and most eco-friendly options, using only natural materials that stand the test of time. If you’re unsure about what materials will work best for your space, be sure to speak to a structural engineer before starting your build. If you really want to lean into the eco theme, you could discuss the possibility of installing a green roof, where small plants and shrubbery are fixed to a thin waterproof layer. Although this can be a costly addition, it’s a great way to add a nature-inspired aesthetic to your space – plus it could help to improve air quality and support local wildlife. In addition, the EPA states that temperatures on green roofs can be 30-40ºF lower than standard roofs, which can help to maintain heat regulation in your home. Start planning your dream space With these tips in mind, you’ll be able to start designing your own eco-friendly conservatory. Be sure to price sustainability into your thinking throughout the entire project and you’ll be left with a green space to be proud of.

Photo by Freepik In an era marked by rapid urbanization and ever-evolving technological advancements, the intersection of public safety and commercial design has taken center stage like never before. As our cities grow, so do the challenges in ensuring the safety and well-being of their inhabitants. In response to this pressing need, architects, urban planners, and developers are harnessing innovation and creativity to redefine the way we think about and approach public safety in commercial spaces. This article, delves into the forefront of this paradigm shift, exploring the innovative approaches that are reshaping our urban landscapes and prioritizing public safety as a core tenet of modern commercial design. Engineering Solutions for Public Well-being Engineering technology has come a long way in ensuring public safety in commercial buildings. Smart buildings now incorporate seismic braces, blast-resistant windows, and structural reinforcements. The growing use of IoT sensors to monitor temperature, air quality, and other safety parameters allows for real-time adjustments. These innovations have become indispensable tools in creating commercial spaces that prioritize human safety. Preparing for the Unpredictable Natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes are unpredictable yet inevitable. Building structures must adhere to codes designed to minimize destruction and loss of life. Additionally, straightforward, well-marked evacuation routes are essential to avoid public panic in emergencies. The aim is not just to adhere to legal requirements but to go above and beyond to ensure public safety. Robust Fire Security Protocols Fire safety cannot be overstated in the context of public spaces. Proper exit signs, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers must be in working condition and readily accessible. It's also vital to keep escape pathways unobstructed and to prepare staff with fire safety training. To leave no stone unturned, businesses should have a disaster recovery and preparedness plan specifically tailored for fire emergencies. Illuminate and Safeguard Effective lighting in commercial spaces serves a dual purpose: functionality and safety. Well-lit areas can deter criminal activity and highlight potential tripping hazards. Lights fitted with motion sensors can illuminate less-frequented areas, ensuring that no part of the building poses a risk. The lighting should be designed to minimize glare and shadows, further contributing to a safe environment. Read Also: Pioneering Safety in Infrastructure with Advanced Structural Health Monitoring An Inclusive Safety Approach Accessibility is often overlooked when discussing safety, yet it is crucial. Ramps, wider doors, and elevators should be integral parts of commercial spaces to accommodate those with disabilities. Braille and tactile indicators can assist the visually impaired, while clear signage aids all patrons in finding their way. An inclusive approach to design not only complies with legal standards but also creates a welcoming environment for all. Fortified Security Measures While architectural features can greatly contribute to safety, integrating modern security systems takes it to another level. Video surveillance, alarm systems, and security personnel can deter potential threats. Innovations like biometric access and smart locks can ensure that only authorized individuals have access to restricted areas. This comprehensive approach to security aims to protect both property and people. The First Line of Public Safety An often-overlooked element in the safety equation is the design of external areas. Well-designed pathways that avoid steep slopes and irregular surfaces can minimize the risk of falls. Adequate lighting and surveillance in outdoor areas like parking lots can deter criminal activity. Non-slip surfaces and obstruction-free zones are not just aesthetically pleasing but also essential for safety. In the realm of commercial design, the steadfast dedication to public safety is an unwavering focal point. Through the integration of pioneering solutions and the embrace of imaginative strategies, we forge a path toward stronger, welcoming, and secure urban spaces. With architects, urban planners, developers, and communities uniting in collaboration, we chart a trajectory for a future where our cities not only withstand the challenges of our times but also exude an atmosphere of safety, inspiration, and unity. This persistent commitment to innovative design ensures that our urban environments will continue to evolve, adapt, and flourish, promising a bright and secure future for all.

In our rapidly evolving world, the safety and performance of our infrastructure stand paramount. Enter Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), the unsung hero ensuring the integrity of everything from buildings and bridges to dams and nuclear power plants. Today, we delve into the transformative impact of SHM on protecting and preserving our structures. Imagine a network of state-of-the-art sensors vigilantly monitoring structural dynamics, from stress and strain to load and vibration. Their mission? Early detection. By collecting and analyzing real-time data, these sensors can pinpoint even the slightest anomalies, offering proactive maintenance and ensuring potential issues don't escalate into disasters. At the core of SHM lies a commitment to safeguarding lives and properties. With its ability to swiftly identify potential risks, SHM is our protective shield, especially for ageing structures, historical monuments, and disaster-prone areas. While Mother Nature may be unpredictable, SHM provides a strategic advantage. Beyond its protective role, SHM is also a financial guardian. By addressing problems early on, SHM facilitates efficient maintenance planning, preventing costly emergencies or replacements. It's a strategic approach that benefits both safety and the bottom line. But SHM's impact doesn't stop there. With invaluable insights into structural behaviour, SHM paves the way for optimized designs, innovative construction techniques, and enhanced resilience of our structures. The SHM Chronicles: Ever wondered what goes on behind the scenes of SHM? It's a fascinating process! Installation: A comprehensive array of sensors, including strain gauges, accelerometers, and temperature sensors, are strategically positioned on the structure. Data Collection: These sensors continuously capture the structure's responses to environmental factors. Analysis: Advanced algorithms sift through this data, identifying patterns, anomalies, and potential threats. Subsequently, experts interpret this data, crafting detailed reports that provide insights into the structure's health. Leading the SHM frontier is Encardio Rite, boasting an unparalleled suite of sensors, cutting-edge data acquisition systems, and innovative web-based software. Their expertise spans diverse projects, from skyscrapers to iconic bridges. Their precision and reliability are especially evident in critical projects like dams and nuclear power plants. In a world where structures form the very backbone of our civilization, SHM emerges as an indispensable tool. Its early detection capabilities, safety enhancements, and performance optimization are truly transformative. And with industry leaders like Encardio Rite at the helm, the future of SHM looks brighter than ever. As technology continues to advance, the potential of SHM expands even further. Artificial intelligence and machine learning integration enable predictive modelling and refined risk assessments. This synergy elevates SHM's capabilities, providing a deeper understanding of structural behaviour and allowing for adaptive maintenance strategies. The symbiosis between data and AI-driven insights reshapes the landscape of infrastructure management, reinforcing SHM's role as a vital safeguard for our ever-evolving built environment. Read more: Encardio Main Site Structural Monitoring Infrastructure Monitoring About Encardio Rite: Encardio Rite, a pioneer in manufacturing sophisticated geotechnical and infrastructure health instruments, was incorporated in 1966 with the primary objective of developing, manufacturing, and marketing Instruments involving high technology and providing associated services. From bridges to tunnels, dams to mines, and high-speed rail to construction, our sensing products have helped us fulfil our purpose of bringing safety to structures. From the highest building to the deepest tunnel in the world, our work has led to over 1000 km of monitoring - over 250 km of Metro tunnels, 325 km of Rail and road tunnels, 200 km+ of sewer tunnels, 200 Dams across the world, 100 high-rise buildings, historical monuments, and 8000 online groundwater wells. Our distinguished client list includes Samsung Engineering, Larsen & Toubro, Atkins, Ohla, Strabag, Acciona, and Zublin. Stay connected with our latest projects by following us on LinkedIn or emailing us at geotech@encardio.com.

In the realm of civil engineering and construction, data has emerged as a pivotal factor in ensuring project safety and success. While the sheer volume of data is vast, with billions of data points generated for each project, its true value lies in its collection, analysis, and interpretation. Through advanced sensors, instruments, and dataloggers, data is meticulously gathered from monitoring the behavior of structures and their surrounding environment. This data is then seamlessly transmitted to infrastructure data intelligence platforms, empowering end-users with profound insights into their projects. This blog post delves into the intricacies of infrastructure data management and the manifold advantages it offers. A Versatile Infrastructure Data Intelligence Platform Encardio Rite's infrastructure data intelligence platform stands out for its versatility, correlating data from diverse sources such as structural, geotechnical, geodetic, environmental, and Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) sensors. This all-encompassing approach fosters a holistic understanding of the project site, paving the way for informed and effective decision-making. Proqio The Heart of Data Management Central to our services is Proqio, a real-time data management system that automates data collection and management. With real-time monitoring, stakeholders gain immediate access to pivotal data, swiftly positioning them to address potential risks or challenges. Our data monitoring solution is adaptable, and available via a cloud-based platform or on-premises, facilitating seamless data access and collaboration among project teams, irrespective of geographical constraints. While the cloud-based solution guarantees secure, anytime-anywhere data access, the local option offers enhanced control for particularly sensitive projects. Transforming Data into Actionable Insights The platform is equipped with intuitive data visualization tools, transforming intricate data points into understandable, actionable insights. Through maps, charts, and graphs, stakeholders receive a lucid overview of monitoring data, enabling swift data interpretation, trend identification, and informed decision-making. Safety and Efficiency with Proqio Harnessing the power of Proqio, project teams can bolster safety measures and effectively mitigate risks. Its real-time monitoring capabilities facilitate the early detection of potential issues, promoting timely interventions and preventive actions. This proactive stance drastically reduces the likelihood of accidents, structural failures, and expensive delays, safeguarding personnel and the environment. Furthermore, the system streamlines data collection and analysis, preventing manual data entry and minimizing human errors. This automation conserves time and resources and empowers teams to concentrate on vital tasks, basing decisions on precise, current information. The resultant efficiency boosts productivity and engenders cost savings throughout the project. This comprehensive infrastructure data intelligence system ensures safety and efficiency and drives sustainable practices. By analyzing data from various sources like structural, geotechnical, geodetic, environmental, and Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) sensors, Encardio Rite's platform enables informed decision-making for a wide range of projects. This data-driven approach aids in identifying ecological impacts and minimizing environmental footprints, aligning with the growing emphasis on responsible construction practices that minimize disruptions to ecosystems and local communities. In the contemporary construction landscape, where change is the only constant, real-time data intelligence has transitioned from a luxury to an absolute necessity. "Proqio exemplifies our unwavering commitment to arming project teams with the tools indispensable for safety and efficiency," - remarks Arushi Bhalla, Managing Director at Encardio Rite. For a deeper dive, visit our websites: Encardio Main Site Geotechnical Data Management Proqio About Encardio Rite Established in 1966, Encardio Rite has been at the forefront of manufacturing advanced geotechnical and infrastructure health instruments. Our mission has always been to develop, manufacture, and market high-tech instruments while delivering unparalleled services. From bridges to tunnels and dams to mines, our sensing products have been instrumental in ensuring structural safety. Our extensive portfolio includes monitoring over 1000 km of structures worldwide, encompassing Metro tunnels, rail and road tunnels, sewer tunnels, dams, high-rise buildings, historical monuments, and online groundwater wells. Our esteemed clientele features industry stalwarts like Samsung Engineering, Larsen & Toubro, Atkins, Ohla, Strabag, Acciona, and Zublin. Stay abreast of our latest projects and insights by following us on LinkedIn or contact us at geotech@encardio.com.