What is 5G? 5G is a collection of new spectrum, new technologies, and new infrastructure that will convert cellular communications from voice and data communications to a high-performance unified networking platform. From a commercial standpoint, 5G integrates all network edge touchpoints into a single platform, from fixed wireless access to vehicle tracking to complete Internet of Things functionality (IoT). In a nutshell, 5G is smarter, quicker, and more efficient than the existing 4G. This most recent standard includes three key elements: improved mobile broadband, ultra-low latency for time-sensitive applications, and the capability to connect huge numbers of IoT and rapid-capture technologies. Because of the high bandwidth and low latency of 5G, the technology is expected to greatly improve data capturing across a variety of project delivery processes. Commercial construction companies that can take benefit of the next 5th generation (5G) of wireless networks have a bright future ahead of them. How is 5G going to revolutionize the construction industry? The commercial construction industry is expected to evolve in the following ways: ● 3D Models An on-site view of project drawings can be provided by combining Augmented Reality (AR) with Virtual Reality (VR). These techniques can also be used in combination with BIM (Building Information Modeling) (BIM). Today's hardware is pricey and inconvenient for all-day use, but it will advance to lighter weight, less expensive variants. Thanks to 5G. With 5G's power, speed, and accuracy, clients will be able to imagine the project in new ways, from the foundation excavation to the ribbon cutting celebrations. This will make AR and VR more convenient and cost-effective for the construction industry, which will benefit greatly. Virtual reality and augmented reality will play a supporting role in the future construction industry as 5G is able to move and analyze vast amounts of data to the cloud or edge, both during construction and operations. Using AR and VR, it will be possible to add extra information to the animation, such as task planning and material pricing, as well as the characteristics of various construction pieces. As a result, the scheduling of building tasks might be significantly streamlined. With 5G's power, speed, and accuracy, the clients will be able to imagine the project in new ways. Also for you: Top 5 Construction Industry innovations in 2022 Know About 3D Printed Concrete Civils.ai, the exciting tech startup helping thousands of Civil Engineers innovate project planning ● Shared modifications to the design in real-time Today's construction sites rely on models that are regularly updated and modified by the several stakeholders involved in the building of a structure, whether it's a building, bridge, or road. Consider architects and designers making 2D and 3D modifications to digital blueprints that are immediately available for viewing and interaction on mobile phones, digital tablets, or giant monitors in construction trailers. 5G can help construction crews save time and minimize delays caused by someone forgetting to deliver new drawings. This will be especially noticeable on large projects or when working in remote areas. ● Machines that can be operated remotely and autonomously Robotic operators or self-driving cranes and remotely operated machinery like bulldozers and excavators are examples of autonomous machinery. Self-driving construction machinery will be able to recognise signals, map an area more precisely, and interact with one another more simply than ever before. All of these will improve the efficiency and safety of building sites. Sensors allow these components to continuously gather data about their surroundings, such as video images or physical measurements. Autonomous machinery in motion can be stopped if it gets too close to an employee or structure, or a crane operator can be alerted to an unexpected problem using camera recognition. As a result, workplace safety can be improved by constantly analyzing huge volumes of data. An operator can also operate the machinery from a safe location, this sort of equipment reduces the risk of workers being exposed to potentially hazardous conditions on the job site. Human error can be avoided by using self-driving machines. However, if the communication fails or the data is not received in a timely manner, fatal incidents can occur. ● Workplace Health and Safety It is important to establish a workplace culture that quickly adheres to safety regulations and best practices for risk management. Digital onboarding can be used by site teams to verify that personnel have completed safety training programmes using wireless cameras and QR code scanning. Monitoring high-risk areas and personnel and providing timely warnings can assist ensure a safe work environment. A network of sensors installed in high-risk regions can monitor environmental factors such as the quality of the air, temperature, or noise levels. Real-time alerts to workers in high-risk situations can reduce the amount of falls and being struck by machinery or other items, which can lead to numerous accidents and deaths. It also includes wearables, which can measure employees' vital signs and notify them in the event of weariness, as well as sensors in safety equipment (hardhats, boots, harnesses, etc.), which can identify whether workers are using them correctly. The 5G network can ensure that everyone is up to date on the newest procedures and prevent unauthorized personnel or visitors from entering the site. ● Management of Construction Projects Sensor networks, IP cameras, and drones capable of capturing 4K video can be utilized to track the maturity of the concrete, the location of machines and equipment, and the weather. All this data will enable more informed decision-making, which will reduce time and costs while enhancing productivity and quality of the final product as well as avoiding future difficulties. When it comes to the setting of concrete, for example, a short waiting period might lead to later issues in the construction, such as cracks. On the other hand, waiting too long would lead to waste of time and money on the project. Consider the power of deploying smart sensors attached to rebar and embedded in concrete aggregate to transmit data to cloud computers, where it can be analyzed quickly and in depth. Thus, experts may assess if concrete is correctly placed and monitor the setting of concrete at any stage over time, enhancing safety and highlighting potential maintenance issues. The supply chain can also be improved by having more control over existing resources and the current status of work. As a result, material orders can be placed on time, and delays in the initial planning of jobs can be avoided. It is also possible to keep valuables like materials and equipment safe by installing surveillance cameras. Conclusion The World Economic Forum and others have recognised 5G as the key to unlocking a fourth industrial revolution because of its transformative potential. Even if we don't know properly how that will play out, just as we didn't know what the first personal computers built 40 years ago, 5G will bring the connectivity and power to achieve things that have never been possible before, whether on a construction site or elsewhere. References https://blackandmcdonald.com/the-5g-revolution-is-coming-but-are-commercial-construction-companies-ready/ https://blogs.oracle.com/oracle-communications/post/how-will-5g-support-the-construction-and-engineering-industry#:~:text=Its%20capability%20to%20enable%20a,day%2Dto%2Dday%20work. http://constructionexec.com/article/the-promise-and-potential-of-5g-in-construction https://www.machinedesign.com/automation-iiot/article/21836924/how-5g-will-transform-construction-machines Mendoza, J.; de-la-Bandera, I.; Álvarez-Merino, C.S.; Khatib, E.J.; Alonso, J.; Casalderrey-Díaz, S.; Barco, R. 5G for Construction: Use Cases and Solutions. Electronics 2021, 10, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ electronics10141713

GFRC wall panels, or glass fiber-reinforced concrete panels, are an innovative type of construction material. Unlike traditional concrete, GFRC is much lighter in weight and can be easily molded into various shapes and sizes. Additionally, GFRC is extremely resistant to fire and weathering, making it an ideal choice for both indoor and outdoor applications. Because of its many benefits, GFRC is increasingly being used in commercial and residential construction projects. For example, GFRC panels can be used to create beautiful exterior cladding or stunning interior accent walls. In addition, GFRC is also an excellent material for creating furniture, countertops, and other architectural elements. With its limitless potential, GFRC is sure to revolutionize the world of construction. There are a lot of discussions these days about energy efficiency and its importance for both homeowners and businesses. One way to improve the energy efficiency of your property is to install insulation panels. If you are interested in learning more about installing insulation panels, read on! In this blog post, we will discuss GFRC wall panes - what they are, how they work, and why they are a good choice for insulating your property. GFRC Wall Panels Is Made Of Fiberglass, Which Is An Insulator. Fiberglass is a strong, lightweight material that has a wide range of applications, from insulation to boat hulls. It is made by combining glass fibers with a resin, typically polyester or epoxy. The resulting material is extremely strong and resistant to heat and corrosion. Fiberglass is often used as an alternative to steel or aluminum in construction and manufacturing applications. It is also commonly used in the automotive industry, for everything from body panels to engine parts. Thanks to its strength and durability, fiberglass is an ideal material for many different applications. GFRC wall panels is made of fiberglass, which is an excellent insulator. It is used in many industries because it does not conduct heat or electricity. This makes it ideal for applications where heat or electricity needs to be controlled. Fiberglass is also very strong and durable, making it an ideal material for wall panels. GFRC wall panels are made by combining fiberglass with resin, which creates a strong and sturdy panel. The panels are then reinforced with metal or other materials. This makes them extremely strong and resistant to damage. GFRC wall panels are an excellent choice for any application where strength and durability are required. GFRC Wall Panel Is Reinforced With A Plastic Mesh That Helps It Hold Its Shape And Prevents The Spread Of Fire. Plastic mesh is a material made from very fine plastic fibers that are woven together to form a fabric. It is often used in applications where a strong, lightweight material is needed, such as in filters, screens, Reinforcement (composites), Protection, and Drainage. Plastic mesh is also used in the agricultural industry as Bird netting, Garden fencing, and Fruit cages. The most common type of plastic mesh is polyethylene (PE) mesh, which is made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fibers. Other types of plastic mesh include: nylon polypropylene (PP) polyester (PET). GFRC Wall Panels are an innovative product that offers a number of benefits over traditional wall materials. The panels are made from a reinforced plastic mesh that helps them hold their shape and prevents the spread of fire. In addition, the panels are easy to install and require no special tools or skills. They are also lightweight and durable, making them an ideal choice for both commercial and residential applications. GFRC Wall Panels offer a number of advantages over traditional wall materials, making them an ideal choice for any project. GFRC Wall Panel Does Not Corrode Or Rust, Making It A Good Choice For Coastal Climates. Corrosion is a natural process that occurs when metal is exposed to oxygen and moisture. The resulting chemical reaction produces rust, which can weaken the metal and cause it to deteriorate. Coastal regions are particularly susceptible to corrosion due to the high levels of salt in the air and water. When the saltwater spray comes into contact with metal, it accelerates the corrosion process. In addition, the salty air can promote the formation of rust on metal surfaces. As a result, coastal regions are often plagued by corroded buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. While there are some coatings that can protect the metal from corrosion, the best way to prevent this type of damage is to avoid exposure to saltwater and saltair. Anyone who has lived near the ocean knows that the salt air can be tough on building materials. Wood quickly begins to show signs of wear, while metal fixtures can develop rust and corrosion. This is why GFRC wall panels are an excellent choice for coastal applications. Unlike other materials, GFRC does not corrode or rust when exposed to salt air. In addition, the risk of mold and mildew growth is significantly reduced. As a result, GFRC wall panels provide an attractive and durable solution for coastal construction projects. The GFRC Wall Panels Are Available In A Range Of Colors And Textures To Match Any Home's Exterior Design. The GFRC wall panels are available in a range of colors and textures to match any home's exterior design. The panels are made of glass fiber-reinforced concrete, which is an extremely durable material that is resistant to weathering, impact, and abrasion. The panels can be installed quickly and easily, and they will provide years of trouble-free performance. In addition, the panels are available in a variety of thicknesses to meet the needs of any project. Whether you're looking for a classic look or a contemporary design, the GFRC wall panel can help you achieve the perfect look for your home. The Installation Of The GFRC Wall Panels Is Simple And Can Be Done By A Homeowner Without Professional Help. GFRC wall panels are a great way to add texture and interest to any room. Made from glass-fiber reinforced concrete, they are strong and durable, yet lightweight and easy to install. In most cases, the panels can be attached directly to the existing wall surface using construction adhesive or screws. If you're looking for a more creative way to use GFRC wall panels, consider installing them as wainscoting or creating an accent wall. Either way, you'll be amazed at the transformation that GFRC wall panels can make in your home. In Summary GFRC Wall Pane is an excellent choice for a home's exterior siding. Its durability and fire resistance make it a safe investment, while its range of colors and textures allows homeowners to choose the perfect look for their home. Thanks to its easy installation, GFRC Wall Pane can be installed by anyone without professional help.

SUMMARY 1. The type of project: buildings vs other civil engineering infrastructure 2. The procurement route of a project 3. The client’s appraisal process 4. The size of the project 5. The location of the project 6. The project partners/stakeholders 1. The type of project: buildings vs other civil engineering infrastructure The priority and size of the project differ, and one can be chosen over the other based on the overall benefits it provides Sustainable metrics for evaluating the project sustainability, eg. A building assessment could be done to assess the energy savings and efficiency of the building to keep heat whereas a rail or highway could be considered as the emissions per km of road or track created from the project In buildings, the most significant carbon is operational (stages B1-B3) whereas on a highway it is the end-user carbon of cars using the motorway the majority of emissions (B6) Emissions against the objectives of design are different as getting from A to B in infrastructure there are different options such as motorway or rail whereas in buildings is the same systems There are different system boundaries and functional units of measurement which are hard to compare to each other using just an LCA as they are completely different projects Recommended: ISO-1040 Life cycle assessment (LCA) framework explained 2. The procurement route of a project & 3. The client’s appraisal process Educate employees about their role in ensuring successful sustainability outcomes Link project sustainability objectives to individual and team performance through key performance indicators and a focus on continuous improvement Use life cycle and the whole of life costing to test the long-term value of decisions Inception stage: Guided public involvement in decisions Provisions to inform travelers (eg. railway infrastructure) Design with resilience against natural and man-made hazards in mind The method of construction chosen should try to minimize construction disturbance noise and dust Combined use of infrastructure will enhance overall benefits (eg bridge and green area sidewalk) Select a location with minimizes disruption and maximizes benefits The asset under construction should improve transport links and the provision of integrated foot and cycle provision The solution should be planned with the whole serviceable life (e.g. weathering steel could be selected as it has a low maintenance cost for steel bridge designs) Build-in maintenance provisions including access and upgrading facility Detailed geotechnical investigations will facilitate efficient design for foundations hence reducing cost and carbon emissions Early contractor involvement can have a lot of benefits and reduce construction anomalies and mistakes Building for wildlife such as green bridges Factor sustainability considerations into decision-making 4. The size of the project Small projects have a smaller impact on their surrounding environment as their output of emissions is low compared to mega projects which affect the area due to the vast amount of environmental impact they have Smaller projects can work independently and hence in a situation of failure a system of small projects will not have a big impact whereas a big project going offline will cause big disruption eg. A power plant will cause a lot of disruption to a lot of people 5. The location of the project Involve local communities affected by the operations in order to best meet their needs and enhance their benefits Regeneration of location of the project economically and socially Location availability of materials to be transported to site as if it is located in a remote area the transportation emissions will be high hence materials should be sourced locally Job availability in the project, such as workers to be going on-site Prevent damage or restore past damage to the environment (e.g. toxic spills) 6. The project partners/stakeholders Minimize waste (from the contractor and sub-contractors on the project) The earlier the designers and engineers are involved in the project the better the outcome will be as the implementation of sustainable solutions have to be carried out at the concept/inception stage before changes become too expensive Select materials that come from renewable sources and look for alternatives to those with significant environmental impact Have the development of staff and the transfer of knowledge as priorities, so that the experience gained moves beyond individuals to future projects and the infrastructure industry more generally Have management objectives, processes, and people in place to ensure that sustainability issues are managed, measured, and reported in a transparent way Recommended: Circular Economy in the Construction Industry Design stage: A sustainable approach to materials: efficiency, responsible local sourcing, design to minimize impacts, end of life material considerations (use recycled materials). Choose materials based on cost, environmental impact, and durability Try reducing the raw materials and use the energy of assets to picking correct design decisions Use structural form with direct force transfer Strategies to minimize waste such as the use of water on site Material and design: avoid overdesign but not at the expense of future-proofing, minimize transport distances and consider the size of the members/elements to be delivered to the site Construction stage: Early contractor involvement: o Ease of access o Protection from groundwater pollution o More efficient site waste management plan o Close site supervision o Good survey information o Good information for estimating and ordering materials Initial design stage o Provision of access for maintenance o Defined emergency procedures o Provision for replacement of elements o Design to allow replacement, widening, or strengthening while maintaining the structure in service o Minimise future maintenance requirements While in use: o Provide inspections that determine the structural adequacy of remaining life so unnecessary maintenance is avoided o Use less conservative analysis methods o Regular preventive maintenance o Innovative repair or strengthening options Adopt measures to optimize energy and water use efficiency and effectiveness End of life: Design for deconstruction, demolition, and recycling/reuse of materials/components

Definition of Asset Management: “systematic and coordinated activities and practices through which an organization optimally and sustainably manages its assets and asset systems, their associated performance, risks and expenditures over their life cycles for the purpose of achieving its organizational strategic plan” The Key Principles of Asset Management Holistic: multi-disciplinarity rather than a compartmentalized approach, looking at combined implications of managing all aspects of the problem, the combination of different asset types, the functional interdependencies and contributions of assets within asset systems, and the different asset life cycle phases and activities that need to be considered. Look at the big picture of assets. · Example: a rail infrastructure line from A to B may have bridges, tunnels, retaining walls, and other structures, hence maintenance regimes should be carried out in the locations of the line where multiple repairs are required hence looking at the interdependencies of improving the network Systematic: methodical approach leading to consistent, repeatable, and auditable decisions. An effective management system that decisions making is done with data considered and decisions could be made again on the same parameters of data. · Example: collect water linkage data of pipes or stress cycles on bridges and be able to accurately make decisions on when the asset needs repair Systemic: considering asset system rather than individual assets in isolation (asset system optimization through sustainable performance and risks instead of just improving one asset but improving the whole system. · Example: look how improving a number of bridges, eg increasing the capacity can improve traffic flow of a motorway instead of thinking just of individual assets as a motorway is a long dependent network, depending on many assets to function properly. Risk-based: considering risks in decision-making and liabilities when making decisions Optimal: best value between completing factors (proportionality of performance/cost/risk – which are not directly proportional) optimizing the long and short term of the life cycle of assets. As if cost is increased risk is reduced but an optimal solution for those three should be made. Sustainable: considering the long-term consequences of short-term activities to ensure there are addictive provisions for requirements such as economic, system performance, or social responsibility Integrated: combination and coordination of the above attributes – interdependencies of all assets in the asset system and the above aspects should be coordinated to deliver the best value through the asset management Importance of asset information systems: Combination of data of physical assets used to inform decisions, such as replacement and maintenance regimes Location Condition Probability Consequences of failure Constraints Business priorities Regulatory requirements What information is included: · Asset register (type of asset, age, capacity, drawings, photographs) · GIS (location, spatial, connectivity, interdependencies) · Work management systems (historical information of previous inspections) · Logistics systems · Shutdown/outage management systems · Demand management systems (demand forecast of assets in the future) · Decision support tools (investment strategy systems of how much money to spend) · Condition monitoring systems (stress sensors) · Mobile working devices (reduces paperwork, fast information transfer) Asset management system components as per ISO 55000 Context of the organization · Understanding the needs and expectations of stakeholders such as criteria for asset management decision making, requirements for recording financial and non-financial information · Determining the scope of the asset management system, defining the asset portfolio covered in the scope of the asset management system · Continuously improve the asset management system Leadership · Ensuring that asset management policy and the SAMP are established with compatibility with the organization's objectives · Integration of SAMP to organization business processes · Promoting continual improvement · Policy, provide a framework for setting asset management objectives · Organisational roles, responsibilities, and authorities Planning · Actions to address risks and opportunities for the asset management system, by preventing, or reducing undesired effects · Asset management objectives · Planning to achieve asset management objectives Support · Resources · Competence · Awareness · Communication, when, whom, and how to communicate · Information requirements, roles, and responsibilities · Documented information (control of documented info) Operation · Operational planning and control · Management of change · Outsourcing Performance evaluation · Monitoring, measurement, analysis, and evaluation · Internal audit · Management review Improvement · Nonconformity and corrective action · Preventive action · Continual improvement

Quick Take Implementing sustainability on a project level could be verified by acquiring a building certificate such as LEED or BREEAM which requires you to follow sustainability practices. Project level Challenges: Be trying to acquire a sustainability certificate Extra costs and time are required on the project to optimize the design for improved sustainability High Resource use: Software subscriptions and extra man-hours are required as whole life assessment is complicated as a lot of topics and a lot of data should be analyzed and collected to be able to acquire a certificate that is complex in nature Challenge of passing the sustainable certification A long-term benefit of social impact but costs is high in capital cost Hard, more expensive, and time-consuming to educate stakeholders and supply chain to be more sustainable to bring the overall impact of the project lower Finding sustainable materials is hard to find based on the geographical location of the project, if it is a developing country is hard to find sustainable material Higher risk and uncertainty of the results as innovative solutions/nonstandardized methods of design are used Ensuring financial viability against sustainability implementation could be a barrier to acquiring financing for the project Site availability such as sun available to implement solar panels for energy savings however environment the asset is being built in has limitations on the level and things possible to be done to reduce the environmental impact Benefits: Encourages decision-making at the concept stage of a project which promotes sustainability Increase of financial profits from revenues as a higher standard of the final product The high social reputation of the developer of the asset demonstrates a commitment to sustainability as a company Sell expertise of knowledge of sustainable development to win future work Is recognized by global standards by acquiring the certificates such as BREEAM Decrease whole life costs Less waste on-site and reduced operational costs as well as energy savings of energy loss from buildings Automation that can increase the efficiency of material selection with sustainability in mind can also reduce simultaneously costs Projects are more resilience for future weather events as sustainability principles will be implemented in the design and more resilient construction of the asset will be implemented The project becomes more attractive and can get planning permission easier if it is a sustainable project Attracts more people to leave in that project if it is a residential building Brings a positive impact to the environment compared to other more heavy-impact projects Organizational level Challenges: Common sense of objectives and collaboration is hard as people want to implement sustainability but not always to the extent of level that everyone agrees Increase of overall costs as it requires extra thinking meaning extra billable hours Behavioral change of people, such as time is required to train people to change perspective and start thinking more sustainably Innovative new solutions may be hard for regulatory and standards and may increase the risk to the company to implementing these new solutions Automations may be hard to implement in company systems such as automated calculation of carbon emissions of options, however, REVIT and BIM extensions can be optimized to do so but require expertise and a trained workforce Politically need to change the viewpoint of sustainability as the majority of big meaningful projects are carried out by the public and they provide the majority of funding and direction of new developments Benefits: Reputational boost as ESG proactive corporation and cares about sustainability Increase profitability through sustainability however it should be pointed out that pushing sustainability too hard may increase costs, this is a debate Implementing sustainability will introduce new innovative solutions as engineers and designers need to think outside the box More attractive to investors and attract funding internationally as sustainable developments are something everyone wants to be associated with

Quick Take Answer 1 by Andrew Johnson Credentials: B.Sc in Civil Engineering & Structural Engineering, University of New Brunswick Graduated 2009 & Creative Structural Engineer at Johnson Engineering Solution Limited Depending on where you work, you can do both afterward, however honestly I would choose structural as the solution, as mastering it, with the assistance of others is easier, than mastering architecture afterward. The micro vs macro of building something. Once you understand that everything is built up of systems and that each system is a connection of nodes of sequences of events with given or variable probabilities it’s useful to understand this, and finite element analysis is where you need to get your brain focused and trained on what works and what doesn’t for different situations, and passing the exam means that you can do the math by hand. By the time of your exam, you’ll be trained to do, it if you are putting your effort into it. So recommend structural, with lots of English communication and other languages so that you can trace back the origin of each word, their root history provides for an interesting cultural understanding such that different economics of understanding were used, where today we used a more globally refined and, the calling that you are undertaking is important, as once you know wrong and right, sitting back and doing nothing becomes much more difficult. So moving forward and helping those around you be the better version of themselves, is what you're going to be able to help with. My experience, the youngest 12-year-old, son of two engineers that started a family engineering company. They used some of my college funds to start the company, so I am a shareholder. Since that point I've worked on resolving building-related problems, typical workload is 40 to 100 ongoing projects in various stages as time management means that they don’t all need answers at one time. So from a real-life point of view, take your university and apply yourself, and find the life tricks that enable you to be better, without short or long-term risk. Structural engineering is about removing risk, and if you can’t manage it, architecture is about providing a reason to have risk. (You can work both sides of your brain, I think, please refer to an expert for that, I’m not one of the mind or body.) Hope this helps. (Structural!!!-more math the better, the harder the better, make it easy!) everything worthwhile starts out hard! Answer 2 by Leo Hopkins Credentials: BEng in Engineering, The Open UniversityGraduated 2011 That depends on what you want to ultimately do. Architecture is generally based on aesthetics and so if artistry interests you then go for a course that includes that. An architect needs to have a basic grasp of structural engineering so that (s)he is able to design structures in selected materials that conform to safety standards by being within stress/strain tolerances. However, once an architect had done their bit, the civil engineer will step in to ensure the building is also built safely and on time, and within budget; there may be some overlap of responsibilities between an engineer and a project manager. A civil engineer will also check in on the progress of the building work and take on any reports back from the construction company and act upon construction-in-flight information. If it’s ‘pure engineering’ you’re looking to get into the study of civil engineering & mathematics. Answer 3 by Steven Thomas Credentials: BS (Chi Epsilon)in Civil and Environmental Engineering & Structural Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison I tend to agree with the others for the most part. I have heard of a major called Architectural Engineering. I have always considered this to be an oxymoron. I once knew a professor of Architectural Engineering named Dale Perry from U. Texas. He was on the opposite side of a lawsuit that I was part of. His testimony indicated that he was sadly lacking in simple concepts of structural analysis. The jury seemed to agree. Architects get a lot of credit for the things that are done by structural engineers. This is due to a general misunderstanding among the public of what the two professions do. Most people are unaware that architects are not involved in any aspect of bridge design. Mastery of structural engineering requires a lot of education in demanding subjects and a great deal of experience in the field. I don’t know the extent to which architects study structural engineering. However, it seems to me that time constraints would require more focus on one than the other. I have never been involved with a project for which structural engineering was performed by the architect. The more common practice now is for the architect to subcontract the structural engineering to a structural consulting firm. A possible exception would be the prescriptive design requirements in the code which generally do not pertain to major structures. I think if you’re going to be a structural engineer you should go all in and become familiar with tall building and bridge design among other challenging structures. A Ph.D. in structures is never a bad idea if you can swing it. My best friend was an architect God bless him. I miss him a lot despite his chosen profession. To get your question answered, submit it to SI Civil Engineering 👇 What is the difference between structural engineering and civil engineering? Answer by Haider Ali Credentials: Master's in Structural Engineering, Oklahoma State University Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering that specializes in the structural design of various types of structures like buildings, bridges, culverts, tunnels, etc. The main focus of structural engineers is to run analyses of the structures or structural components under consideration and design them to resist the potential loads that will act on them. Generally speaking, there are two objectives that structural engineers need to accomplish with their design. 1. That the structure is safe for use and can withstand the different loads acting on it without collapsing. This is called the strength design of the structure/structural component. 2. The structure is pleasant and comfortable for the people to use/inhabit. For example, making sure that there are no huge cracks (not dangerous but worrisome), and there are no undue vibrations or sway in the buildings which make the inhabitants uncomfortable and make them feel unsafe. This is called the service design.

Summary Uses: Gather: determine the current state of assets, survey and capture information Generate: create, author, model, and specify information Analyze: evaluate, examine, simulate, forecast, and validate the information Communicate: uniformly exchange information between parties involved. Generate reports and documents Produce: support procurement management, offsite prefabrication, and construction logistics Manage: hand over full data and specifications. Use a basis of asset management data preserved for new projects Benefits: Gather: structured up to date, reliable and complete information available for all project partners and stakeholders Generate: basis to uniformly develop, store, use and reuse new information used multiple times in other processes Analyze: makes possible the integrated prediction of performance at each stage Communicate: reduced miscommunication and failure costs because of the use of a common data environment (CDE) Produce: Improve productivity and on-site safety Manage: no interpretation of as-built documents reduces as-built survey needs, provides data for changes and new projects Building Information Modeling (BIM) helps create and manage information models in a custom data environment that contains both graphical and non-graphical information. The information associated with the 3D Model increases as the project progresses increases. The simplest way to explain BIM dimensions is that they are further details or pieces of information added to a model to help the project team better understand the model. They are the specific ways in which different data types are integrated into an information model. You get a better picture of the project by adding more dimensions of details, such as how it will be organized, its cost, and how it should be maintained. It should be noted that BIM Dimensions are different from the BIM Level of Development. The level of development standards shows the extent to which a 3D model’s geometry, specs, and associated information can be relied on by the team members. On the other hand, BIM Dimensions are details or further information stored within a model, like its cost, time, and other factors. This article will shed light on what it means to add different dimensions of data to a BIM model, how it works in practice, and what benefits can be anticipated. continue reading... Gather Uses Capture and collect capture survey data as BIM, capture condition data, capture results from IoT sensors Quantify: use of BIM models for quantity take off for cost estimations and forecasting, increase detail and accuracy through the lifecycle Monitor/observe/measure: produce real-time performance data to support decision making, during construction monitor progress, in operation integrate with BIM data with sensors Qualify/follow/track/identify: use of BIM objects to characterize and identify the status of systems, components, and elements through the life cycle Benefits Capture/collect: o Information directly available as data at start up for re-use in follow up processes o Avoid redundancy and create preconditions for quality Quantity: o Ability to determine most of the quantities automatically (for carbon emissions as well as for cost and material quantity) o Can be linked to cost data to produce cost estimates o Impact of changes visible Monitor/observe/measure: o Real time data is available to control project delivery o Real-time data is available for asset and performance management Qualify/follow/track/identify o All information collected during an object’s life cycle is structured and can be consulted at any time. o Collected information can be used for wider linked analysis. o Can use IoT sensors results for real-time updates Generate Uses Create, author and edit Specify: record functional requirements and technical specifications for all parts of an asset, validate technical specifications against functional requirements Arrange/configure/layout: determine location, specification and relationships between objects, track through life cycle stages, draft WBS (Work Breakdown Structure), adjust layout Size/ engineer/model: determine size and scale of facility and objects, a geometrical cross section of rail, capacity of the crane Benefits Create/author/edit: o Structured information related to digital twin facilities information exchange throughout the life of assets o By specifying functional requirements it is possible to systematically validate and verify technical solutions Arrange: o Understand dependencies between objects and reduce knock on effects o Use object type libraries Size/engineer: o Space occupancy is coordinated consistently across the lifecycle avoiding physical and temporal clashes o Link to rules and codes o Use for partial validation Analyze Uses Examine/simulate/evaluate Coordinate/detect/avoid (lean engineering): coordinate activities of each discipline in a common digital environment (CDE), combine and tune designs from different disciplines in CDE, perform clash prevention Forecast/simulate/predict prediction and performance analyses, structural and flow analyses, cost/energy, consumption/planning/construction sequencing/traffic flow, and safety audits Validate/check/confirm: chosen solution meets demands, the facility meets standards, rules, and regulations Benefits Examine: o Facilitates methodical assessment of objects o Makes possible the integrated prediction of performance at each stage Coordinate: o Ensure everything fits first time o Provides efficient project coordination process o Supports lean engineering Forecast: o Facilitates optimisation of construction process and operational performance at low cost o Control financial and technical risks Validate: o Linking rules and codes to objects provides validation through the process o Can be extended to automate validation Communicate Uses Exchange/generate reports: uniformly exchange object information between parties involved, generate reports and documents Visualize/review: stakeholders’ future user's local residents can have realistic future views, and project partners can easily review such as identify the risks of doing work on-site, stakeholder management, decision making Exchange: avoiding translation, using Open exchange format between users Document/draw/report: produce drawings from data, produce reports from data, communicate with construction workers and with authorities Archive: build database as a digital project archive Benefits Reduce miscommunication and failure costs because of the use of CDE Visualize: o Ensure everything fits first time o Provide efficient project coordination process o Supports lean engineering Exchange: o Software independent data exchange Document: o All documents produced consist of CDE data o Production of paper documents will reduce as will costs Archive o Reuse of data from digital twin o Audit trail Produce Uses Construction activities: support procurement management, offisite prefabrication, construction logistics Fabricate/manufacture: control factory machinery, prototype virtually Assemble/prefabricate simulate construction sequencing, support logistics/production and delivery of material, offsite manufacturing Machine control: BIM data mapping on site location of objects, GPS automating earthworks control Regulate: optimize operations, work with IoT to report and automate operations Benefits Improve productivity Fabricate o Improves construction efficiency o Improves onsite safety Regulate o Optimisation of performance o Apply building regulations o Report environmental conditions Assemble o Reduce need to make adjustments on site o Less construction time required Machine control o Partially automating construction site o Increase efficiency Manage Uses Validate handover of operational information Hand over full data and specification Use as the basis of asset management Data preserved for new projects Re-purpose assets Regulate: o Optimise performance by capturing BIM information o Predict risks and failures from BIM data o Link to sensor data for condition monitoring, frost detection, flood warning o Provides a basis for automated operation o Link to other data such as environmental or facilities owned by other operators Benefits Optimized asset performance Mitigate against operational problems Monitor risk Merge with other data -weather, usage, etc No interpretation of as-built documents Reduces as-built survey needs Reduces cost Provides data for changes and new projects Further Reading: Enabling an Ecosystem of Digital Twins by Building SMART.pdf

Insight by Introduction With good cause, 3D printing technology has become a popular buzzword in recent years. Since its inception as a means of creating prototypes for new products, 3D printing has become a major player in a range of industries. Even while 3D printing technology has clearly shown its value in the fields of medicine, aerospace, and tool-making since its birth, there is one more area where it could break out: construction. Construction could be reshaped by 3D printing, which is already capable of producing walls and processing cement. There has been a significant rise over time in the construction industry's use of additive manufacturing. Architects and construction companies are increasingly using concrete 3D printers. Using 3D printing technology, the construction sector is now producing houses, wind turbines, fireplaces, walls, stairwells, and other architectural features using 3D concrete printing. Concrete 3D printing is becoming more and more popular as a result of the advantages of on-site assembly, reduced time and cost, and improved quality. Construction sites around the world are being transformed by 3D printed concrete. Contractors face difficulties completing projects because of labor shortages and supply chain disruptions as the construction industry attempts to recover from the COVID-19 outbreak. Today, more than ever, the housing industry urgently needs innovative ideas to reduce costs and make up for lost time due to declining inventory. The Benefits of 3D Printing in Construction Speed Three-dimensional printing has previously demonstrated that a house or other structure can be constructed from the ground up in just a few days. Conventional construction might take months or even years to complete a business building, making this a substantially speedier option. Waste reduction It is possible that 3D printing can assist reduce building waste, but this is not a panacea. A big part of this is due to the fact that 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique that only uses as much material as is necessary to create the structure being printed. Prefabrication and lean construction, both of which reduce waste during construction, raise the prospect of an entirely waste-free structure. Design freedom The design flexibility that 3D printing provides is one of its most appealing features. Architects can produce designs that are impossible or too expensive or time-consuming for other construction methods. An increase in commercial construction innovation and inventiveness is possible because of this. Reduce human error Using 3D printing on the jobsite will undoubtedly reduce worker injuries and fatalities, as construction would be more programmable and automated. You may also find useful Could bots be the artificial sidekick the engineering industry needs? Know About 3D Printed Concrete Top 5 Construction Industry innovations in 2022 The Challenges of 3D Printing in Construction High costs Because 3D printing technology is so expensive and difficult to transport to building sites, it may be a significant barrier to its widespread use on construction sites. The upfront cost of a 3D printer does not include the cost of materials or maintenance. For the time being, many building experts find it difficult to balance the costs of 3D printing with the potential advantages of the technology. A scarcity of Labor Construction is increasing, which means there is a significant demand for qualified labor. All that's missing is a sufficient number. Even with the labor shortage, 3D printing still necessitates a more specialized skill set, which necessitates a smaller pool of potential employees. In a time when qualified professionals are already scarce in the construction industry, obtaining them for 3D printing projects could prove all the more difficult. Management of quality Construction can already be slowed by the weather, but 3D printing could amplify the effects of nature. The weather, climatic circumstances, and more might make 3D printing in commercial building a bust rather than a boom. Quality control is already a challenge in construction. Without continual monitoring and oversight by real people, 3D printing quality could turn into a costly disaster. Regulations 3D printing regulation is an issue that you might not have considered right away as a downside. The building industry has yet to see the full impact of 3D printing regulations, which have been making headlines recently. The downside is that using printers instead of humans for some construction tasks may carry some risk. This element of 3D printing in construction is now fraught with ambiguity. It's unlikely that 3D printing will have a significant impact on the building industry unless laws and regulations are properly defined. Future Ahead Despite the immense promise of 3D printing concrete, it's important to remember that concrete technology as a whole is still in its infancy. The majority of concrete-processing 3D printers are currently under development and aren't ready for mass production. When it comes to building everything from foundations to walls and individual cinder blocks and bridges with additive manufacturing, the possibilities are nearly endless. Many people believe that a concrete 3D printer is capable of producing a full building, although the walls and foundations are typically built using additive manufacturing processes alone. Contrary to popular belief, however, concrete 3D printing has had a profound effect on the construction business. The recent decade has seen an increase in the number of companies that specialize in the production of concrete. Concrete 3D printers are now being used in an increasing number of countries for the construction of new dwellings. Numerous new goods have emerged as a result of recent developments in concrete 3D printing technology. Homelessness and environmental preservation are only some of the issues that will benefit immensely from these new technologies. Here are some examples of 3D printers available in the Market: CyBe Robot Crawler (mobile 3D printer) Our CyBe RC is a mobile 3D concrete printer and can be used in multiple locations. Thanks to its portability, this printer is ideal for construction companies and precast factories. The ABB robotic arm is attached on a movable crawler with rubber tracks that make it easy to maneuver the printer regardless of the terrain. The hydraulic feet stabilize the machine while it prints and are extendable, increasing the total printable height of projects.

What is seismic behavior? The perimeter design of a building has a significant impact on seismic behavior. The center of mass will not correspond with the center of resistance if there is significant variation in strength and stiffness around the perimeter, and torsional forces will cause the building to rotate around the point of resistance. An open-front design in buildings like fire stations and garages, where huge doors allow cars to pass through, is a classic example of an imbalanced perimeter. What are the effects of earthquakes on buildings? Inertia Forces in Buildings: The ground started to shake during an earthquake. Therefore, a structure resting on it will have motion at the base. Despite the building's base moving with the ground, according to Newton's First Law of Motion, the roof tends to hold in its initial position. However, because it is attached to the walls and columns, they pull the roof along with them. Similar to when a bus you are standing in suddenly starts, your feet go with it but your upper body tends to stay behind, causing you to fall backward! Inertia is the tendency to maintain one's position after changing it. The building's roof moves differently from the ground because the walls or columns are flexible 👇 Impact of Structure Deformations: The columns encounter forces as a result of the roof's inertia, which is communicated to the ground through the columns. There is another method to understand the forces produced in the columns. The columns move relative to one another when an earthquake shakes them. Quantity u ( the relative horizontal displacement between the top and bottom of the column) between the roof and the ground is represented in this movement. However, if given the chance, columns would prefer to return to their original, straight vertical posture; in other words, they oppose deformations. The columns do not transmit any horizontal earthquake force through them when they are vertically aligned. However, when forced to bend, they produce internal forces. Internal forces within columns increase in magnitude in direct proportion to the relative horizontal displacement u between the top and bottom of the column. Additionally, the magnitude of this force increases with the stiffness of the columns (i.e., column size). These internal forces in the columns are known as stiffness forces as a result. In actuality, a column's stiffness force is equal to the stiffness of the column multiplied by the distance between its ends. Shaking to the horizontal and vertical: The ground shakes during an earthquake in all three directions, including the two horizontal ones (X and Y, for example) and the vertical one (Z, for example). In addition, the ground shakes erratically back and forth (- and +) along each of the X, Y, and Z directions during an earthquake. All structures are built with the intention of supporting the weight of the earth's gravity, which is represented by an equation F=M *g Where, F=force M= mass g=acceleration of gravity acting in a downward vertical direction (-Z). The term "gravity load" refers to the downward force Mg. The vertical acceleration caused by ground shaking either increases or decreases the acceleration brought on by gravity. Since safety issues are taken into account when designing structures to withstand gravity loads, most structures typically have enough stability to withstand vertical shaking. However, there is still cause for concern over horizontal shaking in the X and Y directions (both + and - directions of each). In general, structures made to withstand gravity loads might not be able to safely withstand the effects of horizontal earthquake shaking. Therefore, it is essential to guarantee that structures are adequate against the effects of horizontal earthquakes. Methods of Analysis Used in Seismic Design: Equivalent static analysis: The dynamic influence of forces must be considered while designing buildings against lateral forces. However, analysis by linear methods that are (Static) comparable to linear static methods is satisfied for simple structures. Most codes of practice allow the equivalent linear static approach for regular and irregular low- to medium-rise and other buildings. The first stage in the static equivalent approach is to estimate the base shear load, after which the base shear distribution on each story is estimated using IS code formulas. This method is not ideal for tall structures since it is inconvenient to use, and the number of mode forms in tall structures is greater, thus this method should not be utilized. Response spectrum analysis: This study is appropriate for structures that have modes other than the fundamental one that has a major impact on the structure's behavior. The response of a multi-degree-of-freedom system is represented by the superposition of modal responses in the response spectrum approach. Each modal response is calculated using spectral analysis of a single degree of freedom system, and then the overall response is computed. Definition of mode: The deformation that a component would exhibit at its natural frequency of vibration is known as a mode. Structural dynamics makes use of the phrases mode shape and natural vibration form. When a component vibrates at its native frequency, it would deform as described by its mode shape. Push over-analysis: In a push-over analysis, the vertical and lateral loads on a structure progressively rise, allowing the displacement and damage of the structure to be studied. This approach also exhibits cyclic behavior and load reversal. The structure is pushed until it reaches its greatest extreme ability to twist, as the name implies. This method is particularly useful in comprehending the mishaps and splitting of a structure in the event of an earthquake, and it provides a reasonable understanding of the distortion of the structure and the placement of plastic hinges in the structure. P-Delta analysis: The P- Delta effect is a non-linear (second-order) phenomenon that occurs in every construction with axial loads on the elements. The genuine effect connected with the magnitude of the applied axial load (P) and the lateral displacement is known as the P D-delta effect (Delta). Because of the deformed shape, it generates additional shear forces and bending moments in the structure. The P-Delta effect is more pronounced in tall structures, and it has a negative impact when deformation is triggered by an earthquake. P-Delta has two effects: P-BIG delta (P-Δ) - a structure effect P-little delta (P-δ) - a member effect The member instability effect, also known as the P-δ effect or P-"small-delta," is linked to local deformation relative to the element chord between end nodes. P-δ is usually only important at unreasonably large displacement levels or in particularly thin columns. The structure instability effect (P-Big delta or Large P-delta) refers to the consequences of vertical loads acting on a laterally displaced structure. Useful Links: https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/EQTips/EQTip05.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/seismic-analysis https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/362/1/012119 http://msrblog.com/assign/science/geography/report-on-equivalent-static-force-method-and-time-history-analysis.html https://www.sksupertmt.com/vol-1-issue-8.html https://sjce.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EQ2-Earthquake-Effects.pdf

Information is an asset to be valued, treasured, and managed. The value is in capturing that information as it is created throughout the delivery and operation of an asset. An assets and assets information life cycle includes the high-level pillars of: - Design and build - Operate and manage - Plan and manage new or refurbished projects Throughout the life cycle of an asset, information flow depends on the activities and processes that are involved in each stage which will involve the planning, creation, and operational management of that asset. The value is in capturing information as it is created Each activity is supported by processes carried out that collect, create and maintain information. Those processes are made up of individual tasks that required information to be acquired or information to be delivered of other processes and tasks to be carried out. Hence there are many exchange transactions between parties involved in an asset life cycle. It should be noted that for each stage, different activities which require different types and movements of information. The typical life cycles could be: - Planning stage - Design stage - Construction/modify - Test validate & Handover to operation - Operation and manage DNA information through each stage Summary of DNA information for each stage: Stage 0-1 (strategy): o Develop business requirements Stage 2-4 (explore/develop): o Develop functional requirements and performance specifications o Master planning requirements Stage 5-6 (deliver): o Satisfy functional requirements such as construction and asset component requirements Stage 7 (operate): o Maintain functional requirements Information throughout the delivery and operation is the golden thread You can predict the behavior, and reliability of an asset, based on data collected from existing assets, reducing the uncertainty of the performance of the asset and the commercial performance risk involved in using that asset. Predictability is valuable in the construction industry because so many aspects of construction are unpredictable. If something fails you have the information DNA to know WHY you put it there in the first place, and what its performance criteria were and that helps you find a similar product and replace it. Provides the basis of forwarding analysis. If you want to change the performance requirement for something, such as changing the capacity of a bridge you can do so. Information is stored in the DNA chain. At any one stage, the asset owner can look back through the information DNA chain to discover the reason and purpose of the asset. It is therefore important that the delivery stage information not only describes how the asset is constructed but can provide critical information for those who will manage and operate the asset (The stakeholders). For example, if a bridge bearing is needed to be replaced, the DNA information which was built up from the concept stage to as build specification will be used by the user to identify the details of that bearing and analyze it from an engineering point and economical viewpoint if replacement is required based on the vast information DNA available. This information may include the material quality the method of construction and any detailed specifications the users should know. Recommended: ISO 1040 life cycle assessment framework explained Stages of Asset Information There are natural stages of an asset during its life: Planning Design Construction/Modify Test Validate & Handover to Operation Operation and Manage Each has its own peculiar/specific information requirements and need for information exchange. Some relate to are cumulative (that is they are additive at each process/step) to asset information, some are cumulative to the current process stage, and some are specific to a task within a process. The movement of information and the requirement for information will differ in each circle of interest and segment/stage. Information granularity as we go through the stages increases. The data could be from the supply chain and more: Data from the previous stage Lead design data Data for construction, scheduling, logistics, temporary works supplier Data from fabricators, product suppliers, material suppliers Data from specialist designers and analysts Cross-team coordination Planning stage (existing situation and proposed solutions) o Often carried out over a protracted period o Multiple and complex stakeholder involvement o Involves understanding the need and business case for change interacting with existing assets and other public/private assets o Developing functional performance requirements o Liaising with the public and other stakeholders o Creating early concept alternative solutions o Modelling the existing situation o Test possible solutions o Modelling proposed solutions e.g. Traffic modeling, Flood modeling o Developing cost estimates o Developing logistical plans Information is an asset to be valued treasured and managed Design stage o Information from Planning Stage o Information to and from multiple domain specialisms o Information between tasks in the process and the specialisms o Information from existing context & environment o Information from an existing asset involved. o Develops functional information o Develops technical requirements information o Develops physical information: Spatial Geometry, Properties o Details cost estimates o Details quantity requirements o Details construction delivery requirements Construction/modify o Information required to translate the digital asset designs and plans into physical assets. o Technical requirements information o Physical information: Spatial, Geometry, Properties o Quantity requirements o Costs o Construction delivery planning o As-built information from each delivery task satisfying design technical requirements: - Changes in design - Materials used - Properties - Products used Tests Validate & Handover operation o Information about tests carried out and results o Information that validates and verifies delivery of technical and functional requirements o Information required for maintaining delivered products o Information that is required for handover acceptance Operation and manage o Information that measures the performance of the physical asset o Information to model asset behavior for example traffic management, mitigation of issues as they arise, disaster planning o Information that is required by operational systems for example signaling, flood monitoring, structural behavior, timetabling o Information that is required for asset intervention such as maintenance, repair, or replacement of asset parts

Building Information Modeling (BIM) helps create and manage information models in a custom data environment that contains both graphical and non-graphical information (Ingibjörg Birna Kjartansdóttir). The information associated with the 3D Model increases as the project progress increases. The simplest way to explain BIM dimensions is that they are further details or pieces of information added to a model to help the project team better understand the model (Hamil, 2021). They are the specific ways in which different data types are integrated into an information model. You get a better picture of the project by adding more dimensions of details, such as how it will be organized, its cost, and how it should be maintained. It should be noted that BIM Dimensions are different from the BIM Level of Development. The level of development standards shows the extent to which a 3D model’s geometry, specs, and associated information can be relied on by the team members. On the other hand, BIM Dimensions are details or further information stored within a model, like its cost, time, and other factors. This article will shed light on what it means to add different dimensions of data to a BIM model, how it works in practice, and what benefits can be anticipated. 4D BIM 4-D BIM is the addition of the time and schedule information with its 3-D Model (Ocean, n.d.). In a 4D BIM Model, we add a new dimension of information to a project information model in the form of scheduling data. This information allows the project team to make detailed and accurate project schedules while keeping the interdependencies of different tasks in view (Cards, n.d.). This data will be used to gain reliable project details as well as visual representations of how the project will progress over time. This also solves the problem of the communication gap between the site team and the planning team. 5D BIM 5D BIM is the integration of a 3D Model with its cost. The core concept of 5D BIM is to extract detailed and accurate cost information of building components. 5D BIM also helps project managers realize how any changes made to materials, designs, or areas could not only change the appearance of the building but also affect the budget and time. This includes different types of costs like purchasing costs, installation costs, running costs, and maintenance costs. These cost calculations can be made from different data sources. Integrating these costs with a 3D Model helps construction companies predict the quantities of different components in a project, associating them with their respective costs and thereby calculating the entire structure's cost (Cards, n.d.). 6D BIM 6D BIM adds lifecycle information of a project to its BIM model, e.g., manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance, and repair information. All this information is built into the BIM model and handed to the owner for optimal performance and maintenance. Apart from being used at the end of the project, 6D BIM also facilitates users in the design phase. It aids in decision-making processes to move the focus from capital expenditures to operational expenditures of the built assets (Riley, 2013). 6D BIM is also called Integrated BIM and focuses on sustainability. It acts as an as-built model for the client containing a sort of Manual for the Operations and Maintenance of the building. You may also like: ISO 1040 Life Cycle Assessment framework - Explained 7D BIM 7D BIM is an efficient integration of a 3D project management model, a 1D schedule management model, and a 3D BIM. This is a BIM technology all set to manage project sustainability in construction projects. Complex construction projects can be easily managed, cutting down all hurdles (Andreani Marta, 2019). 7D BIM is a fresh technology that smartly integrates 3D project management models to make a 7th dimension proficient enough to detect sustainability of the architectural designs of projects. This integration is several levels smarter than a stepwise dimensional increase. It comes in handy with the detection of clashes in the design, modification of the structure, 3D project management, installation of various equipment, maintenance procedures, and other procedures that efficiently assist project managers and engineers for complex construction projects. Conclusion In conclusion, these dimensions aid or facilitate the project team in better visualizing their 3D model. With the addition of 4D BIM, the team can know the progress of the building at any point in time. With 5D BIM, the team can compare the planned and actual costs of the structure. With the help of 6D BIM, facility management can be made much easier and simple. Similarly, with 7D BIM, the project team can manage the project much more efficiently. Works Cited Ingibjörg Birna Kjartansdóttir, S. M. (n.d.). BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING. In S. M. Ingibjörg Birna Kjartansdóttir, CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS’ LIBRARY. Ocean, J. (n.d.). BIM dimensions explanation and benefits. 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D and 6D BIM. Retrieved from revizto: https://revizto.com/en/2d-3d-4d-5d-6d-bim-dimensions/ Hamil, D. S. (2021, 9 9). BIM dimensions – 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D BIM explained . Retrieved from NBS: https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/bim-dimensions-3d-4d-5d-6d-bim-explained Cards, T. (n.d.). 4D, 5D and 6D BIM . Retrieved from Technology Cards: https://www.technologycards.net/english/the-technologies/4d-5d-and-6d-bim Riley, A. C. (2013). What is going on with BIM? On the way to 6D. The International Construction Law Review. Australia. Andreani Marta, B. S. (2019). 7d BIM for sustainability assessment in design processes: a case study of design of alternatives in severe climate and heavy use conditions. Architecture and Engineering, 3-12.

by Sherif Issa Interesting, and not a very common question…. here are my 2-cents’ worth: It all depends on the building you want to put on top of the stone foundation. The stone foundation will be kept together using cement mortar or simply be compressed [consolidated] due to its own weight and the weight of the structure that will be added. Doing a foundation from stone requires experience and a reliable source which could be hard to come by. I prefer you to use plain concrete instead. The guides and software applications that help you design a stone foundation are few and far between, it will not be easy to design such a foundation confidently | safely, and economically at the same time. You will have to sacrifice one of the two parameters. In all practicality, for a structure to be supported solely on a stone foundation – it must be a light structure, a maximum of a two-story wooden home. That’s perhaps why no one uses a stone foundation all by itself anymore. For a larger, heavier building, you really have to go classic: use a regular reinforced concrete foundation system. A standard isolated footing supported on a bed of stone foundation- image source: Research Gate However to answer your question, here are some points that may help you. The minimum thickness of a reinforced concrete footing in most building codes is 30 to 35 CMs [12 to 14 inches]…. and as a rule of thumb, for each additional floor, you need 10 to 15 CM of thickness depending on the nature of the soil. Therefore, for a residential building 4 stories high with normal live loads and normal sandy silt soil, your footing would be 40 to 50 CM thick. So in case you are doing a stone foundation for a 1 story wooden home should be 60 CM thick, for two stories, make it 80 CM. The stones should be kept intact using a concrete mortar and well insulated from moisture. These figures should be verified using manual calculations – or assisted by design software that specializes in foundations. Finally, you should have a soil report available about the project site, as you may need soil replacement Get your dosing pumps in Saudi Arabia from Ejawda A typical stone foundation supports a light structure. Common in the US, Canada, and parts of Europe — But not around the middle east and North Africa by Sherif Issa