Humans desire to explore and build in extreme locations around the Globe. Here are the 10 Structures that raise crucial questions of How? 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 1. Halley vi Antarctic research station 🇦🇶 2. Wildspitzbahn in Tirol, Austria 🇦🇹 3. Trollstigen national tourist route Norway 🇳🇴 4. Tverrfjellhytta Norwegian wild reindeer pavilion 🇳🇴 5. Ruta del Peregrino crosses lookout point, Mexico 🇲🇽 6. ION luxury adventure hotel Iceland 🇮🇸 7. Encuentro Guadalupe Baja California, Mexico 🇲🇽 8. Arctia shipping headquarter Helsinki, Finland 🇫🇮 9. European southern observatory (ESO) hotel Cerro Paran, Chile 🇨🇱 10. Ningbo Museum. Ningbo, China 🇨🇳

According to “Mercer’’ Vienna was voted the best city in the world to live in 2019 Western Europe dominates the ranking, with Luxembourg named as the safest city in the world The last place was filled with Baghdad,Iraq 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The factors that determined the quality of living were: Click here to see the full list: https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings Vienna is the capital of Austria and the largest city in the country. A population of 1.9 million, Austria is a cultural, economic and political centre of Europe. Vienna is host to many major international organisations including the United Nations and OPEC. Vienna has a brand new Central Railway station that opened in 2014 that is the first step into adopting the  Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050.

General Info📚 Budget: EUR 815M Suspended deck length: 2252 m Longest span: 560 meters (1,840 ft) Expected traffic" 11 000 vehicles/day Design: Cable-stayed bridge Opened: 12 August 2004 Max Toll: 65 euros 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Economy Growth 🌎 Since its first year of operation, the bridge recorded 1.2 million additional transits between the town of Rio in Peloponnese and Antirrio in the north of the Gulf of Patras. The 2,880-metre-long bridge dramatically improves access to and from the Peloponnese, which could previously be reached only by ferry. The Observatory says that this resulted in an overall economic benefit for the drivers estimated at around 400 million euros to date, with an additional benefit of more than one billion in the period 2017-2032. FOUNDATIONS ENGINEERING 🏗 The Rion-Antirion Bridge’s pylons are made from reinforced concrete and pylon legs range from 25m to 45m above sea level. The pylon heads reach a total of 160m above sea level. Because of the high seismic activity of the area, the Rion-Antirion Bridge required seabed reinforcement via 200 hollow steel pipes (for each pier) driven into the seabed and topped with gravel. A 27.2m-wide deck contains two traffic lanes plus a safety lane and pedestrian walkway in both directions. The structure of the deck is composite with a steel frame of two longitudinal 2.2m-high plate girders with transverse plate girders. Foundations consist of large diameter (90 m) caissons, resting on the seabed (see figure 3). The top 20 m of soils are rather heterogeneous and of low mechanical characteristics. To provide sufficient shear strength to these soil strata, which have to carry large seismic forces coming from structural inertia forces and hydrodynamic water pressures, the upper soil layer is reinforced by inclusions. These inclusions are hollow steel pipes, 25 to 30 m long, 2 m in diameter, driven into the upper layer at a regular spacing of 7 to 8 m (depending on the pier); about 250 pipes are driven in at each pier location. They are topped by a 3 m thick, properly levelled gravel layer, on which the foundation's rest. Source: Greek Reporter, Road Traffic Technology Read more: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Concrete variable radius arch dam explained

Quick FACTS 🧾 Architect: Gottfried Semper Construction period: Originally built in 1841, then 1878 (first reconstruction) and 1985 (second reconstruction). Building style: early Renaissance and Baroque, with Corinthian style pillars typical of Greek classical revival. The Semperoper is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera) and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden(Saxon State Orchestra). Official Website: http://www.semperoper.de Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. The Ultimate Dresden State Opera DVD Available to buy on Amazon here History 📑 The opera house opened on 13 April 1841 with an opera by Carl Maria von Weber. The building is considered to be a prime example of "Dresden Baroque" architecture. It is situated on the Theatre Square in central Dresden on the bank of the Elbe River. On top of the portal, there is a Panther quadriga with a statue of Dionysos. The interior was created by architects of the time, such as Johannes Schilling. Monuments on the portal depict artists, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, William Shakespeare, Sophocles, Molière and Euripides. In 1945, during the last months of World War II, the building was largely destroyed again, this time by the bombing of Dresden and subsequent firestorm, leaving only the exterior shell standing. Exactly 40 years later, on 13 February 1985, the opera's reconstruction was completed. It was rebuilt to be almost identical to its appearance before the war, but with the benefit of new stage machinery and an accompanying modern rear service building. Source: Wikipedia Some of the Artists associated with the Opera House Conductors Carl Gottlieb Reißiger Richard Wagner Ernst von Schuch (1889–1914) Singers Bernd Aldenhoff Elisabeth Höngen Friedrich Plaschke

General Info 📚 Capacity: 623 Opened: 1732 Architect: Antonio Azzopardi and Francesco Zerafa Address: 115, Old Theatre Street Valletta Malta 🇲🇹 Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/teatru.manoel/ Official Website: https://www.teatrumanoel.com.mt 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 History 📑 Construction was finished in only ten months. This, however, maybe because alterations were made to the fabric of the three adjoining houses, incorporating them into a theatre. The building occupied an area of 94½ square canes, which was later altered to 93 square canes and 2½ palms. The theatre is said to have been modelled after the contemporary Palermo Theatre. Its auditorium was originally semi-circular or horseshoe-shaped, with an illuminated parterre that served as a small dance floor. The first theatrical performance to be staged at the Teatro Pubblico was Scipione Maffei's classic tragedy Merope, on January 9, 1732. The actors in that production were the Knights themselves, and the set was designed by the Knights' chief military architect, Francois Mondion. Quick Facts The theatre retains many of its original features dating back to 1731 when it was constructed. The perfect acoustics make for an unforgettable experience during performances. Considered by many as Malta’s national theatre and home of the Malta Philharmonic Orchestra Boasts a small museum with historical theatrical artefacts and insights from the Manoel Theatre’s rich past Source: Maltauncovered.com The Ultimate tour guide for Malta 🇲🇹 Available to buy on Amazon for only £6.47 What People are saying on TripAdvisor Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019

General Design Information ℹ️ Height: 170 m (560 ft) Construction date: 2001-2005 Cost: £35.6 million 🤑 Floor count: 4 Architect: HGP Greentree Allchurch Evans Structural engineer: Scott Wilson Halcrow Yolles Main contractor: Mowlem Website: https://www.spinnakertower.co.uk 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Structure 🗼 The tower represents sails billowing in the wind, a design accomplished using two large, white, sweeping metal arcs, which give the tower its spinnaker sail design. The steelwork was fabricated by Butterley Engineering. The height of the structure makes it one of the tallest structures in the UK outside London. The design is similar to the Burj Al Arab in Dubai, whose structure is a little less than twice as tall at 323 metres (1,060 ft). The overall development project was over budget, with the tower costing £35.6 million alone. Taxpayers were never intended to fund the tower, but Portsmouth City Council eventually contributed £11.1 million towards construction. The tower was originally called the Portsmouth Millennium Tower and was designed as a monument to commemorate the Millennium celebrations in 2000. Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

General Specifications ⚒️ Capacity: 99,354 Construction: 1954–1957 Field size: 105 m × 68 m (115 yds × 74 yds) Height: 48 m Architect: Francesc Mitjans and Josep Soteras Record attendance: 98,812 (FC Barcelona vs Arsenal F.C.), 2019 Joan Gamper Trophy Final 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 FC Barcelona Trophies list 🏆 La Liga: 24 Champions League/European Cup: 5 UEFA Cup/Europa League: 4 Copa del Rey: 29 Copa de La Liga: 2 European SuperCup: 5 Spanish SuperCopa/Copa Eva Duarte: 15 Club World Cup/Intercontinental Cup: 3 Total 87 Buy visit tickets here from: 26 euros Camp Nou Experience Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

Modern structures are impressive, tall, long super light but some of the most impressive structures were constructed thousands of years ago. Learn more about Structures and Why things don't fall done here 5. The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China (萬里長城; pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng) is the collective name of a series of fortification systems generally built across the historical northern borders of China to protect and consolidate territories of Chinese states and empires against various nomadic groups of the steppe and their polities. The most well-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi). This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. 4. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995, the first-ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List. Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals. 3.Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur The Brihadeshvara temple plan and development utilizes the axial and symmetrical geometry rules. It is classified as Perunkoil (also called Madakkoil), a big temple built on a higher platform of a natural or man-made mound. The temple complex is a rectangle that is almost two stacked squares, covering 240.79 metres (790.0 ft) east to west, and 121.92 metres (400.0 ft) north to south. In this space are five main sections: the sanctum with the towering superstructure (sri vimana), the Nandi hall in front (Nandi-mandapam) community hall (mukhamandapam), the great gathering hall (mahamandapam) pavilion that connects the great hall with the, sanctum (ardhamandapam) The temple complex integrates a large pillared and covered veranda (prakara) in its spacious courtyard, with a perimeter of about 450 metres (1,480 ft) for circumambulation. 2. Hagia Sophia FACTS 🏗 Material: Ashlar, brick Length:82 m (269 ft) Width: 73 m (240 ft) Height: 55 m(180 ft) Beginning date: 532 Completion date: 537; 1482 years ago The Hagia Sophia construction consists of mostly masonry. The structure is composed of brick and mortar joints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces displaced very evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand and ceramic pieces could be considered to be the equivalent of modern concrete at the time. 1. Parthenon FACTS📚 Construction Dates: 447 BC - 432 BC Destroyed: Partially on 26 September 1687 Height: 3.72 m (45.0 ft) Dimensions: Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft) Size: 69.5 x 30.9 m (228 x 101 ft) Architect: Iktinos, Callicrates Other designers: Phidias (sculptor) The origin of the Parthenon's name is from the Greek word παρθενών (Parthenon), which referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house and in the Parthenon's case seems to have been used at first only for a particular room of the temple, it is debated which room this is and how the room acquired its name. The Parthenon is a peripteral octastyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features. It stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps. In common with other Greek temples, it is of post and lintel construction and is surrounded by columns ('peripteral') carrying an entablature. source: Wikipedia Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change

5.Panama City, Panama🇵🇦 4. London, United Kingdom 🇬🇧 3.Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 🇦🇪 2.Fortaleza, Brazil🇧🇷 1. Dubai, United Arab Emirates 🇦🇪 Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Dracula's luxurious residence has 57 rooms and has its own private wooden church Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022

Structure Review 📍Paris 🇫🇷 🥖 General Information ℹ️ Location: Parvis Notre-Dame – place Jean-Paul-II, Paris, France 🇫🇷 Architect: Style: French Gothic Construction Dates: 1163–1345 Website: www.notredamedeparis.fr 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Dennis Jarvis, Julie Anne Workman, Peter Haas Architectural Insight The Île-de-la-Cité on which Notre-Dame de Paris now stands was once a Gallo-Roman city known as Lutetia. The cathedral has been built right over remnants of a temple. Around 1710, pieces of a sculpted altar dedicated to Jupiter and other deities were discovered during an excavation under the choir. At first glance, Notre-Dame’s two towers appear like identical twins. Closer examination reveals that the north tower is, in fact, a bit bigger than the south. As with all the elements of the cathedral, they were built over time, and reflect how the cathedral is more of a collage of architectural trends and leadership than the culmination of one person’s vision. Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider

Quick FACTS🧾 Nicknamed ‘the spaceship’ because of the scale of the circular building, it measures 1 mile in circumference, with a diameter of 461 m (1,512 ft). Designed by Norman Foster and engineered by ARUP it can accommodate 14,200 parking spaces and more than 12,000 staff!!! Location: 1 Apple Park Way, Cupertino, California, United States Structural Engineer: ARUP Architects: Foster and Partners Construction Cost: $5 billion Land cost: estimated at $160 million Floor area: 2,800,000 sq ft (260,000 m2) 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Engineering & Environmental 🏗 The structure is said to be one of the most energy-efficient structures ever built. The site is said to entirely powered from renewable energy, with solar panels installed on the roof capable of generating 17 megawatts of power which will be sufficient to power 75% of the building's power usage during peak daytime hours. The air flows freely between the inside and outside of the building, providing natural ventilation and obviating the need for HVAC systems during nine months of the year. This is achieved by using the 4,300 hollow concrete slabs which act as the floors and ceilings as an innovative air-conditioning system. In effect, this makes it a ‘breathing’ building. There are now over 9,000 trees on-site, including indigenous oaks and orchards, as well as meadows, sports fields, terraces and a secluded pond. Construction Saga During construction, the building's structure was started by DPR/Skanska, but they were removed from the job for undisclosed reasons. Rudolph and Sletten and Holder Construction completed the structure, envelope, and interior buildout. Truebeck Construction (then known as BNBTBuilders) worked on the exterior landscaping, Steve Jobs Theater, and the health and fitness centre. McCarthy Building Companies built the parking garage, and Granite Construction performed road widening and utility work. Health & Safety issues with the curved glazing glass In February 2018, there were reports that emergency services had treated Apple staff for injuries caused by walking into the campus' numerous glazed walls. At least two people had received treatment for minor cuts to the head and, according to a report on Twitter, seven people 'physically hurt' themselves on the first day the campus opened. Architecture🏢 Steve Jobs, in his final public appearance before his death in October 2011 was quoted as saying: I really do think that architecture students will come here to see it The simple form of the Ring Building conceals immense expertise and innovation. It comprises a few core elements: communal ‘pod’ spaces for collaboration, private office spaces for concentrated work, and broad, glazed perimeter walkways – featuring the largest sheets of curved glass ever constructed – that allow uninterrupted connection to the landscape. Apple Park simple form conceals the innovation and futuristic ideas of what Apple company is all about. The campus is Californian in spirit: open and connected to nature and the product of a remarkable collaboration. Its landscape and buildings form a seamless whole: the Ring Building, Steve Jobs Theater, Fitness & Wellness Center, Visitors’ Center and South Parking are all encompassed by flowing parkland that enhances the buildings as places to socialise, exercise and work. One of the most advanced precast concrete structures in the world, over 4,000 slabs, which span up to 15 metres (48 feet), make up the Ring’s floors. Known as ‘void slabs’, these multi-use elements form the structure and exposed ceiling, incorporate radiant heating and cooling and provide air return. Sources: www.fosterandpartners.com You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change

General Information ℹ️ Location: Via Carlo Maria Martini, 1 20122 Milan, Italy 🇮🇹 Architect: Simone da Orsenigo Style: Italian/ Rayonnant Gothic Construction Start Date: 1386 Website: Milan Duomo Tickets: at Milan Cathedral and Rooftop Ticket from 14.92£ 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Architectural Insight The Duomo is the fifth largest Christian church in the world and remains incomplete for centuries. They say there are more statues on this gothic-style cathedral than any other building in the world. There are 3,400 statues, 135 gargoyles and 700 figures that decorate Milan Duomo! Climb the stairs or take the lift to the rooftop to fully appreciate the architecture of the most renowned silhouette in the city. The highest point of the dome occupies the Madonnina (Little Madonna), the 4.16 meters (13.6 feet) large golden statue at 108.5 meters (356 feet) height shines afar in the sun. Engineering Insight Construction began in 1386 and finished centuries after in 1965 taking an astonishing 579 years to build. The materials used were Brick with local Candoglia marble. Three main buildings had to be demolished prior to the construction works could start. as a starting point in 1386, 300 workers led by chief engineer Simone da Orsenigo were appointed to the project. The cathedral can accommodate a capacity of 40,000 spectators. Dimensions specifications : 158.6 x 92 x 108 metres Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider