Climate change is the greatest threat New York City faces today. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy hit New York City, flooding 17% of the city’s land, and killing 44 lives. The New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) have approved a team lead by Arcadis, a Netherlands-based design and engineering firm, to develop the Financial District and Seaport Climate Resilience Master Plan. By the 2050s, 37 % of buildings in Lower Manhattan will be at risk from storm surge. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. The master plan is building off of a $10 billion proposal unveiled by Mayor Bill de Blasio in March that positioned the effort as part of a multi-pronged plan to prevent storm surge and rising sea level from inundating Manhattan. The Seaport and Financial District pose an especially daunting challenge, NYCEDC officials say, because of the area’s low-lying topography—it’s just eight feet ( 2.44 m ) above sea level—and the web of crucial transportation and sewage infrastructure below, which makes digging down unfeasible. That framework will present locals with a handful of options for expanding the shoreline of those neighbourhoods as much as 500 feet into the waterway with the goal of zeroing in on a single concept to defend the area against climate change. The team was assembled to encourage out-of-the-box thinking that officials hope will lead to an innovative approach. Source: CURBED Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained

China built more skyscrapers than the rest of the world combined, an Indian architect won the Pritzker Prize for the first time and a housing complex for the elderly was named "World Building of the Year." Visit Structures Insider Home page for more 5. Norra Tornen, Stockholm, Sweden FACTS📐🏛 Location: Vasastaden, Stockholm, Sweden Architect: Reinier de Graaf , from OMA Year of completion: The eastern tower opened in 2018 and the west tower will open in 2020. Dimensions: East: 125 metres (410 ft) West: 110 metres (360 ft) Capacity: 300 residential units 4. Leeza SOHO, Beijing, China FACTS📐🏛 Location: Lize Financial Business District in Beijing. 🇨🇳 Architect: Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher. Year of completion: The construction of the building began in 2015 and is set to be completed in 2019. Dimensions: 207 m (679 ft) tall with 46 floors. 3. Wuxi Taihu Show Theatre, Wuxi, China FACTS📐🏛 Location: Jiangsu Province 🇨🇳 Architect: StevenChilton Architects Year of completion: due to open in 2019 Dimensions: 2000 seat capacity. 2. 30 Hudson Yards, New York FACTS📐🏛 Location: West Side area of Manhattan, New York 🇺🇸 Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox (architect & master planner) Year of completion: 2012-2019 Dimensions: height: 387 m / 1,269ft with a 101 floor count. 1. Beijing Daxing International Airport, Beijing, China FACTS📐✈️ Location: border of Beijing and Langfang 🇨🇳 Architect: The airport's master plan was designed by NACO and the terminal building was designed by British architects Zaha Hadid Architects. Year of completion: Opened25 September 2019 (opening ceremony), 26 September 2019 (first commercial flight) Dimensions: facilities area 700,000 m^2 Cost: $11 billion 💵 source: CNN Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained

SI STRUCTURE OF THE MONTH The Pula Arena (Italian: Arena di Pola) is the name of the amphitheatre located in Pula, Croatia. 🇭🇷 Architectural style: Roman amphitheatre The Arena is the only remaining Roman amphitheatre to have four side towers and with all three Roman architectural orders entirely preserved. Founded: 27 BC – 68 AD For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives Structural aspects 🕋 The Pula Arena is unique, as it has often been claimed that this amphitheatre is the “only remaining Roman amphitheatre to have four side towers and with all three Roman architectural orders entirely preserved” The exterior wall is constructed in limestone. The part facing the sea consists of three stories, while the other part has only two stories since the amphitheatre was built on a slope. The maximum height of the exterior wall is 29.40 m (96.5 ft). The first two floors have every 72 arches, while the top floor consists of 64 rectangular openings. The axes of the elliptical amphitheatre are 132.45 and 105.10 m (434.5 and 344.8 ft) long, and the walls stand 32.45 m (106.5 ft) high. It could accommodate 23,000 spectators in the cavea, which had forty steps divided into two meniani. The seats rest directly on the sloping ground; The field for the games, the proper arena, measured 67.95 by 41.65 m (222.9 by 136.6 ft). The arena had a total of 15 gates. A series of underground passageways were built underneath the arena along the main axis from which animals and fighters could be released; stores and shops were located under the raked seating. The amphitheatre was part of the circuit of the gladiators. Today uses Today, it is the venue for many different events – Pula Film Festival, various concerts, opera, ballet, sports competitions… since its capacity is about 5000 spectators. Every week during the summer months, the Arena hosts gladiator fights as part of the historical and entertainment spectacle “Spectacvla Antiqva”. Here is The Ultimate Guide Everyone Visiting Croatia Should Have 👌 BUY at Amazon only for 8.84£ WHAT PEOPLE SAY

General Information ℹ️ Location: Bran, Romania 🇷🇴 Location Elevation: 2,500 feet (760 m) Architectural style: Medieval Residency of queen Maria of Romania in 1920 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Construction 👷🏻‍♂️ The castle is built on a 60 m cliff as a result of privilege from November 19, 1377, the Hungarian king Louis I of Anjou. Once the point has been reinforced by fulfilling. Bran Castle Construction began sometime in 1378. Builders have somehow managed to combine wood with stone brought from Magura Bran. Castle had a protective effect, but also commercial. In the south were two walls built of stone and brick. At that time the fortress was made from the exterior walls of the fortified tower, the circular tower and the tower gate. The building has an imposing shape and is situated on a cliff in a key position strategically. BUY A TOUR TICKET HERE A bit about the Author 🖋 (Bram Stoker) Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula. During his lifetime, he was better known as the personal assistant of actor Sir Henry Irving, and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre in London, which Irving owned. Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. Famous for introducing the character of the vampire Count Dracula, the novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and women led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. BUY THE BOOK AT AMAZON: here

Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán is one of the most feared drug lords of the past 100 years. El Chapo is estimated to have a net worth of $14 billion. Known for his intelligent engineered tunnel system he goes by the name of "The Prince of Tunnels". Guzmán escaped from authorities twice, on January 2001 and on July 2015. On July 17, 2019, he was sentenced to "life plus 30 years" in prison and within days, had started to serve his term at the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence, Colorado. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Prison Capture On the 9th of June, 1993, El Chapo was arrested in Guatemala after a massive manhunt to catch him and other drug traffic associates of him. Following his arrest, on the 22nd of November 1995, he was transferred to the maximum-security prison located in State of Mexico known as ''La Palma''. El Chapo was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Guzmán enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle, he had most of the people working in the prison under his payroll, ordered the meals he wanted from a menu, continued his illicit activities through cellphone, enjoyed sporadic visits from prostitutes, among other benefits. Prison Break On 19 January 2001, his electronically secured cell was opened and Guzmán was reportedly escorted by a prison guard outside of Puente Grande while hidden in a laundry cart. The security cameras of the prison were disabled on his way out, and Guzmán became a free man. On 11 July 2015, however, Guzmán escaped from prison again through a tunnel inside his prison cell but was caught six months after his escape and extradited to the U.S. Tunnelling The El Chapo tunnelling system was crucial for the narcotrafficking of the Sinaloa Cartel. Fluorescent lights hung from a ceiling-mounted PVC pipe, which also brought fresh air into the passageway. Metal tracks had been bolted to the ground, allowing an ad-hoc vehicle—a railcar rigged to the frame of a small motorcycle to be driven from one end of the tunnel to the other. The grey stone walls, about thirty inches ( 0.76 m) apart, were scored with jagged marks made by electric spades; Guzmán’s shoulders probably brushed the walls as he passed. Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained

General Informationℹ️ Architects: Bogdan Nestorović, Aleksandar Deroko, Branko Pešić. Architectural type: Serbo-Byzantine & Neo-Byzantine Length: 91 m x Width: 81 m Height: 78.3 m Floor area: 4830 m2 Website: www.hramsvetogsave.com 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The Ultimate tour guide of Belgrade Recommended by Structures Insider Available to buy on Amazon here: History 📑 Saint Sava (1175–1235), the patron saint and national hero of the Serbian people, was born Rastko Nemanja in 1175, the son of Serbian Grand ŽupanStephen (r. 1166-1196). Serbia was still a relatively young nation, having freed itself from the Byzantine Empire in the previous century. In 1077 Duklja became the first Serb kingdom, its founding being intimately interconnected with the establishment of the Roman Catholic Bishopric of Bar. On the 300th anniversary of the burning of Saint Sava's body, a group of Serbian Orthodox believers founded the Society for the Construction of the Cathedral of Saint Sava on Vračar with the idea of building a cathedral on the site. Initially, a small church was constructed and the search began to find an adequate design. History 📑 of Engineering 🏗 Forty years after the initial idea, construction of the church began on 10 May 1935, 340 years after the burning of Saint Sava's remains. The cornerstone was laid by Metropolitan Gavrilo of Montenegro, (the future Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V). The project was designed by Aleksandar Deroko and Bogdan Nestorović, aided by civil engineer Vojislav Zađina. The work lasted until the Second World War Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. The church's foundation had been completed, and the walls erected to the height of 7 and 11 meters. After the 1941 bombing of Belgrade, work ceased altogether. The occupying German army used the unfinished church as the Wehrmacht's parking lot, while in 1944 the Red Army, and later the Yugoslav People's Army used it for the same purpose. After that, it was used for storage by various companies. 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice The Society for Building of the Church ceased to exist and has not been revived. Children who grew up in the vicinity, including the future President of Serbia Boris Tadić, didn't know the intended purpose of the unfinished construction, so they played inside thinking it was a ruin of an old castle. The granite slabs, intended for the construction of the church, were used for the building of the Tomb of People's Heroes in 1948, in the Kalemegdan section of the Belgrade Fortress. What People are saying on TripAdvisor Source: Wikipedia You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019

THE ORIGINAL ONE Facts 📚📐 Location: Champ de Mars in Paris, France. Material: wrought-iron. Height: 324 m (1,063 ft). Structural Engineer: Maurice Koechlin, Émile Nouguier. Architect: Stephen Sauvestre Main contractor: Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel. Fact: The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Eiffel Tower that was originally introduced to the world in 1889 in Paris is a one of a kind metal structure. It became a global cultural icon and a national treasure of France. Over the years a lot of replicas all around the world try to resemble the "Original One", the Eiffel Tower. Read more here @fbstructuresinsider Dragon Tower 🐉 Built in 2000, Dragon Tower is 336 m (1,102 ft) tall. The tower's main uses are telecommunication and tourist observation. The Dragon is the second tallest freestanding lattice tower in the world and 12 m (39 ft) taller than the Eiffel tower. 🤔 Check its official website, here Tokyo Tower 🗼 Built-in 1958, the tower's main sources of income are tourism and antenna leasing. Over 150 million people have visited the tower which stands at 333 m (1,093 ft). There are two Main Decks, one at 150 m (490 ft) and the top deck is at a height of 249.6 m (819ft). It was constructed of steel, a third of which was scrap metal taken from US tanks damaged in the Korean War. Tokyo Tower only weighs about 4,000 tons, 3,300 tons less than the Eiffel Tower.🤔 Paris Las Vegas 🎰 The Eiffel Tower, Las Vegas opened in 1999 and stands up to 164.6 m (540 ft). Original plans for the Eiffel Tower called for a full-scale replica, however that would have interfered with the nearby McCarran Airport and designers, therefore, reduced it to approximately 1:2 scale The Las Vegas tower is 160m lower than the original one making it a very small version of the original one. Conclusion Dragon Tower 🐉: 336 m (1,102 ft) - 12m taller than Eiffel Tower Tokyo Tower 🗼333 m (1,093 ft) - 9m taller than Eiffel Tower Paris Las Vegas 🎰: 164.6 m (540 ft). - 160m shorter than Eiffel Tower Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice

Definition 🧾: A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply. "The dam burst after torrential rain" An arch dam is a concrete dam that is curved upstream in a plan. The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure, presses against the arch, compressing and strengthening the structure as it pushes into its foundation or abutments. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 An arch dam is most suitable for narrow canyons or gorges with steep walls of stable rock to support the structure and stresses. Since they are thinner than any other dam type, they require much less construction material, making them economical and practical in remote areas. Arch dams classified with respect to their structural height are: Low dams up to 100 feet (30 m), Medium-high dams between 100–300 ft (30–91 m) High dams over 300 ft (91 m). General dams classified based on base thickness and height relations: Thin arch<0.2h Medium arch0.2h - 0.3h Thick arch>0.3h Arch-gravity>0.5h History: The 1st Arch Dam construction ⛲️ The first known arch dam, the Glanum Dam, also known as the Vallon de Baume Dam, was built by the Romans in France and it dates back to the 1st century BC. The dam was about 12 metres (39 ft) high and 18 metres (59 ft) in length. Its radius was about 14 m (46 ft), and it consisted of two masonry walls. The Romans built it to supply nearby Glanum with water. You May Also Like: ''Dodgy but Stable'' is the Whaley Bridge dam according to PM Boris Johnson Basic Design Types 🏗 There are two basic designs for an arch dam: constant-radius dams, which have a constant radius of curvature, and variable-radius dams, which have both upstream and downstream curves that systematically decrease in radius below the crest. A dam that is double-curved in both its horizontal and vertical planes may be called a dome dam Advantages of Arch Dam 1. Arch dams are particularly adapted to the gorges where the length is small in proportion to the height. 2. For a given height, the section of an arch dam is much lesser than a corresponding gravity dam. Hence, an arch dam requires less material and is, therefore, cheaper. 3. Because of much less base width, the problems of uplift pressure are minor. 4. Since only a small part of water load is transferred to the foundation by cantilever action, Sources: civilseek.com 2020 Essential Books for Civil Engineers Amazon's Choice

Materials processing, the series of operations that transforms industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products. Historically materials processing by hand is as old as mechanization which began with the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century principally in England. Since then, metal processing methods, techniques have evolved, processes got faster, higher strengths steel can be achieved as well as different properties can be specified. 👉 Visit Structures Insider for more story 👈 Content of below information: Casting Processes Forging Processes Rolling Extrusion 1.Casting Processes The production of a metallic component is by casting of the molten metal into a mould. Most casting processes are used for the production of the initial metal ingot or near-finished shape (eg. I-beam) metals ready for the fabrication procedures. Sand Casting: Sand casting is characterized by using sand as the mould material. Over 60% of all metal castings are produced via a sand casting process Commonly used for hard but very brittle metals ( mainly for Aluminium Alloys) Sand casting methods can have a very high quality of the completed product providing accurate dimensions to the finished surface of the metal. 2. Forging ( traditional hammering) definition: manufacturing process involving the shaping of metals using localised compressive force (manual or mechanical) Drop-forging: heating a metal and hammering it into a special die to produce a final product. Hot-pressing: the hammer is replaced by a hydraulic-driven ram. - the metal is gradually squeezed Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice 3. Rolling Rolling is the cheapest and most efficient method of reducing the cross-sectional area of a metal section. Commonly used for producing flat products. The rollers are used to shape the product and by rolling, redistribution of any impurities reduce the effect of any segregation present in the original ingot. Advantages: Reduction of segregation due to rolling More homogeneous product Reduced grain-size 1) Cold Rolling Applied to very malleable metals and alloys. Due to rolling the metal crystals are distorted becoming hardened therefore internal stresses increase, increasing the strength of the metal. 2)Hot Rolling The temperature of hot rolling is high, making the metal more malleable and allowing metals to deform easier. Hot rolling is carried out well beyond recrystallisation temperature. These high white-hot temperatures mean that crystallisation happens instantly as the metal passes through the rollers speeding up the process of shaping metals. 4. Extrusion Used to shape a variety of metals to a desired complex fixed cross-sectional dimensions. Aluminium extrusion is widely used in construction, automobile and aircraft manufacture, industrial machinery and consumer goods. Temperatures: 350-500 celsius for aluminium alloys A ram is driven with pressure to force the metal through a hard steel mould. The process of extrusion could be characterised to be the same manner to the flow of toothpaste from its tube. Read more: Reims Cathedral visit tour Guide Everything you need to know about the iconic Norte-Dame de Paris before in burned to ashes New £7.5 billion motorway connecting Belarus to China was approved by Putin Everything you need to know about Brussels Town Hall

Introduction Rocks descriptions are made by examination of samples recovered from boreholes or from material that is found on the side (in-situs material). Rocks can be divided into three categories based on the general characteristics of the formation such as mineralogy and grain size of the rock. Geological science terms are used to describe the geological aspects of the rocks that have no direct significance to engineering characteristics but features such as the names of the rock type can often indicate a range of useful details on an engineering and geological perspective. Visual identification of rocks outcrop can help the configuration of the engineering performance (strength, compressibility, etc.) of the construction site bedrock as well as a full history description of the earth’s crust. A complete rock description is commonly divided into three parts. Rock Description feutures a) Materials Characteristics Strength: (Uniaxial compressive strength measurements) Structure: (The structure of the rock is concerned the textural features and lithology of the rock in terms of thickness and Spacing) Colour: (Colour of the rock described in words) Texture: (Described according to geological terminology) Grain size: (Grain size refers to the average dimension of the minerals or rock fragments dominating the rock’s behaviour. Rock name (in capitals, e.g. “GRANITE”) b) General information Additional information and minor constituents: (mineralogy) Geological formation. c) Mass Characteristics State of weathering. Discontinuities Fracture state. You May Also Like: Soil Mechanics: Effects of water on soil |Structures Insider Water can be chemically combined within soil particles. The soil effects explained are consolidation, capillary action as well as shrinkage/swelling and other water effects on soil strengths. Read More... Principal Rock Types (Rock family) Igneous rocks: • derived from the cooling of molten material (magma/lava). • mainly crystalline. • common types are granite, basalt, dolerite. • Petrological classification of igneous rocks can be described in: - Mineral assemblage: minerals as quartz, feldspar, biotite are formed in igneous rocks - Grain size: 2mm-5mm (crystals) Sedimentary rocks: • rocks derived from the breakdown of all other types of rocks including pre-existing sedimentary rocks. • mainly fragmentary • common types are sandstone, shale and limestone. • The two groups of sedimentary rocks can be described as: - Clastic sediments: accumulations of rock - Organic and chemical sediments: dead plants or chemically precipitated minerals. Metamorphic rocks: • derived from all other rocks through solid-state changes in response to changes in temperature and/or pressure. • often foliated or banded. • common types are slate, marble, schist and gneiss.” • There are three types of classification of metamorphic rocks: - Dynamic metamorphism: intense stresses locally that tend to deform and fracture the rock. - Regional metamorphism: effects of increasing temperature and pressure. - Contact metamorphism: heating of the rock in a body of intruded igneous magma. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice Example of full rock description Conglomerate Conglomerate, is a sedimentary bedded rock that is composed of fragments and pre-existing rocks, minerals. It contains rounded to subangular gravel-size clasts that are larger than 2mm in diameter. Between the clast, most commonly smaller particle-like quartz cement is filled that binds the rock together in a finer matrix. In this particular rock, grain-size may or may not vary in composition and therefore the type of research done to classify the rock is of big importance. Due to that, conglomerate rocks are clastic (=composed of fragments) there is a variety of compositions. Classification of the rock can be done by analysing the difference in the lithology of the gravel-size clasts and the matrix with which the rock is made. Clasts created by weathering conditions that washed away by water can be mineral particles or metamorphic or igneous rock fragments. The matrix that fills the space between the clast is a variety of slit, sand, mud or chemical cement. Depending on the clasts- matrix composition colour and strength can be obtained. For more info look here 👇 [1] Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Geology | science. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/geology [2] Flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz. (2018). Geology - rocks and minerals. [online] Available at: https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.html [3] Geology.com. (2018). Geology and Earth Science News, Articles, Photos, Maps and More. [online] Available at: https://geology.com Read more: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Dracula's luxurious residence has 57 rooms and has its own private wooden church

General Info 📚 Location: Monte Carlo, Monaco Opening date: 1863; 156 years ago Architect: Charles Garnier Casino type: Land-Based Entrance fee: €17 Website: www.casinomontecarlo.com Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. History 📑 The idea of opening a gambling casino in Monaco belongs to Princess Caroline, a shrewd, business-minded spouse of Prince Florestan I. Revenues from the proposed venture were supposed to save the House of Grimaldi from bankruptcy. The ruling family's persistent financial problems became especially acute after the loss of tax revenue from two breakaway towns, Menton and Roquebrune, which declared independence from Monaco in 1848 and refused to pay taxes on olive oil and fruit imposed by the Grimaldis. In the late 1850s, Monaco was an unlikely place for a resort to succeed. The lack of roads needed to connect Monaco to Nice and the rest of Europe, and the absence of comfortable accommodations for visitors, as well as the concessionaires' failure to publicize the new resort, resulted in far fewer customers than was originally anticipated. Unable to raise the capital needed to operate the money-losing enterprise, Aubert and Langlois ceded their rights to Frossard de Lilbonne, who in turn passed it to Pierre Auguste Daval in 1857. 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice A bit about the Country MONACO Monaco is about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the state border with Italy. Monaco has an area of 2.020 km2 (0.780 sq mi), making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican. Its population as of 2018 is 38,682. With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre (49,230/sq mi), it is the most densely populated sovereign state in the world. Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km (3.40 mi), the world's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km (2.38 mi), and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m (5,577 and 1,145 ft). The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward, which is 161 metres (528 feet) above sea level. Monaco's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. Through land reclamation, Monaco's land mass has expanded by 20 per cent. In 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2 (0.762 sq mi). Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws. In 2014, it was noted that about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires. Betting Amounts In the main casino hall, the minimum you can bet is €5 and the maximum is €2000. If you take your gaming to a private room, the minimum increases to €10 and, unsurprisingly, there is no cap on maximum bets. What People are saying on TripAdvisor The Ultimate tour guide of Budapest Recommended by Structures Insider Available to buy on Amazon here Source: Wikipedia Drop us a question in Quora What is Quora?: Quora is a question-and-answer website where questions are asked, answered, and edited by Internet users, either factually, or in the form of opinions.

General Information ℹ️ Architectural Style: Neoclassical Architects: Carl Ludvig Engel; later altered by Ernst Lohrmann. The capacity of seats: 1,300 Website: helsinkicathedral.fi 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Structure Description A distinctive landmark in the Helsinki cityscape, with its tall, green dome surrounded by four smaller domes, the building is in the neoclassical style. It was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel as the climax of his Senate Square layout: it is surrounded by other, smaller buildings designed by him. The church's plan is a Greek cross (a square centre and four equilateral arms), symmetrical in each of the four cardinal directions, with each arm's façade featuring a colonnade and pediment. Engel originally intended to place a further row of columns on the western end to mark the main entrance opposite the eastern altar, but this was never built. 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice The Ultimate tour guide for Helsinki Available to buy on Amazon for only £5.75 What travellers are saying Scarce interior but the altar painting, the pulpit and the statue of Martin Luther are lovely - only surpassed by the magnificent organ (phnar). Source: Wikipedia RECOMMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU