Written by Engineer: Oan Naqvi Quick Take Introduction: In the context of civil engineering, AutoCAD has commonly used software for the development and modification of engineering drawings. This article is about making floor plans in AutoCAD, there are some common commands in AutoCAD that are used while creating floor plans are follow as: Commands: 1. Line: Press (L + enter) to use this command, it is used for making straight lines in AutoCAD. 2. Offsets: Press (O + enter) to use this command, it is used for making a copy of the selected line, from which you want to be offset, at a distance of the required offset. 3. Copy: Press (Co + enter) to use this command, it is used for making a copy of the selected object and it is then pasted at the location by clicking on there where you want to paste it. 4. Move: Press (mo + enter) to use this command, it is used for moving a selected object. 5. Trim: Press (tr + enter) to use this command, it is used for trimming extra part of any object (line, arc, hatch) which exceeds any specific line or boundary. 6. Extend: Press (ex + enter) to use this command, it is used for extending an existing line to some other line or boundary. 7. Mirror: Press (mi + enter) to use this command, it is used for making a mirror image of any object. 8. Rotate: Press (ro + enter) to use this command, it is used for rotating an object to any desired angle. 9. Group: Press (gr + enter) to use this command, it is used to make a group of selected objects and connect them as a whole. 10. Explode: Press (exp + enter) to use this command, it is used for exploding/dividing an object into possible no. of parts. 11. Hatch: Press (H + enter) to use this command, it is used for applying any hatch (concrete, glass, wood, bricks, stones, gravel, etc.) to any closed boundary. 12. Arc: Press (arc+ enter) to use this command, it is used for creating arcs of the desired radius, ending point, and starting point. In-floor plans, it is commonly used for making door symbols. Procedure for Creating Floor plan: 1. Draw a boundary line/limits of the plot where you want to build according to the dimensions of your plot. 2. Then draw the line for walls and give them offset to make a wall of desired thickness. 3. Complete making the walls in the plan showing each and every room in the house and space for everything you want. 4. Draw lines intersecting the walls where you want to place doors and windows and offset them to the desired width of doors and windows. 5. Use the trim command to delete the lines between the intersecting lines. 6. Now draw the windows and door symbols there in between the empty spaces. 7. Now draw symbols of doors and windows using the commands above and place them in the spaces created for them. 8. Draw the stairs by drawing a line of the desired width of stairs and then giving it offset to make the steps of stairs. 9. Complete the floor plan using the above procedure and print it using the (Control + P) command. For any type of help or project regards Architectural / Structural drawings / 3D models, Visit the link below for a quick reply. Click here

Insight by MARKET RESEARCH FUTURE What are Tower Cranes? Tower cranes have become some of the most common aspects of urban skylines. They are generally used for hoisting and moving heavy materials such as generators, concrete, steel, and various large tools. What Are The Uses of Tower Cranes and How Do They Work? Tower cranes help move heavy materials, tools, and goods around a site. They’re essential for speeding up the construction activity, keeping the workers on schedule, and reducing costs, time as well as manpower in the process. Tower cranes are some of the most impressive components of engineering, mounting up to 267ft tall and with the ability to lift nearly 19.8 tons. Irrespective of their size, they have the same major parts: A jib, which is also known as the “working arm”; is a bit that helps carry the load. Around the jib is a trolley that helps in moving the weight, while the motor that is present in the machinery arm helps in lifting up the load using the counterweights. One can also find an operator’s cab in this part. A slewing unit that is fixed right at the top and is made up of ring gear and motor, with the former used by the crane for rotation. A base is fixed on a concrete pad and connected to a tower or mast. Putting these components together can be a complex task. In the beginning, a mobile crane helps in moving the horizontal sections which are the jib as well as the machinery parts, to a 40ft mast and adding the counterweights. The crane, at a time, then increases by a single mast section, right to its maximum height. The crew performs this task by placing a top climber between the top of the mast and the slewing unit, with the use of a hydraulic ram to give a push to the slewing unit further 20ft further above. Then, they lift another 20ft mast within the gap and firmly bolt it in place. This is repeated until the tower crane is now at its maximum height. Advancements Over the Years Tower cranes were first developed in Europe, with the majority of the manufacturing still happening in the region. The first tower cranes were “derrick” designs, which were named after Thomas Derrick, the Elizabethan-era hangman. It involved a large boom that was fixed at the rotating base. In the extremely populated countries of Europe, most of these cranes were hard to use, which led to the development of the intrinsic gantry design, which originated in the early twentieth century. These cranes made use using suspended beams while trolleys move across them, making them ideal for urban environments. On the downside, their heavyweight nature and the fact that they took a lot of time to construct, they were mostly used in permanent sites such as shipyards. The modern/advanced tower crane was finally developed in 1949, with Hans Liebherr unveiling the design to back the post-war reconstruction efforts across Germany. This design of the tower combined a vertical, along with a rotating mast linked to a horizontal jib moving 360 degrees, which could pick up material and move it to any point within reach. In addition to that, it could be easily transported and was easy to assemble. This design helped inspire various new forms as well as adaptations. In today’s market, these are available in a variety of heights, sizes, and reach, for numerous functions as well as site types. Historically, the majority of the tower cranes used to be hydraulically powered, but by the 1970s, most of the manufacturers switched to electric. This rendered more sophisticated mechanics, better hoisting winches, and variable speeds while bringing down the power usage and making them energy efficient. Maybe also Useful Global Logistics: A study on Greener and more sustainable supply chain delivery of Amazon, UPS & DHL What are the Types of Tower Cranes? Hammerhead Tower Crane The hammerhead tower crane has a jib that is able to rotate horizontally 360 degrees across the mast at a certain level, with the structure having a strong resemblance to an upside-down letter L. Racking, which refers to the trolley moving the load horizontally across the jib at a fixed level, is a special function of this tower crane. Luffing Tower Cranes A luffing tower crane or a luffing-jib crane has a design that is extremely similar to the hammerhead tower crane. However, the crane has a latticed jib and can be pushed above and lowered, which is a motion known as “luffing.” With extra jib mobility, these types of cranes are able to lift much heavier loads compared to hammerhead cranes, are slightly more expensive, and can be used in congested areas with several cranes given their low slewing radius. Self-Erecting Tower Cranes Self-erecting tower cranes involve a horizontal jib along with a mast that is fixed on ballast and can fold as well as unfold to dismantle and erect on the site. Compared to the luffing or hammerhead tower cranes, SETCs of a lighter frame, are easily transportable and have a relatively much lower max load capacity. These tower cranes are mostly used in environments that require a tight fit between the structures, no need for enormously heavy lifts along with frequent dismantling, transportation, and erection of equipment. Tower Crane Market Status Quo Construction activities have risen exponentially worldwide in the last decade. The notable increase in the urbanization rate, as well as the swift rise in the migration rate from rural locations to s urban areas for better job opportunities, have raised the number of construction activities in commercial and residential segments. As a result, the booming construction industry will allow the tower crane market to take promising strides in the coming years. Renowned construction firms are increasingly using tower cranes since this help optimize work and facilitate the timely execution of construction projects. The worldwide market is inundated with several players that indulge in highly intense competition. They introduce novel, more advanced products that cater to every demand of the end-users, by investing considerably in extensive research and development activities. They are also focused on advertising strategies. Business expansion activities are also playing a vital role in the burgeoning of the product portfolio for active companies.

Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen is most commonly stored under compression in pressurized steel or carbon composite cylinders. However, the low volumetric density of hydrogen offers the economic advantage of being compressed into greater densities and thus requiring lower storage capacities. As a result, the use of liquefaction and the exploration of other chemical carriers such as ammonia have increased in popularity for the storage, and transportation, of hydrogen. Table 1 presents an overview of some of the available storage technologies for hydrogen as detailed by Bruce, et al. (2018). Compression Storing hydrogen in its gaseous state is achieved through compression inside pressurized tanks that have mechanical devices to control the pressure. Steel tanks can typically store hydrogen at pressures up to 200 bar, while composite tanks can do so up to 800 bar. This form of hydrogen storage is well established, however, may not prove economical for hydrogen on a large scale due to the low volumetric densities of the gas. Line packing is the process of storing compressed gas within a pipeline network by altering the pipeline pressure. The hydrogen gas can be stored inside a pipeline for days, at a large scale, and then can be distributed when deemed necessary such as during periods of peak demands. Hydrogen can also be compressed into underground salt caverns through the injection of hydrogen into salt rock, typically intended for long-term storage. However, this storage method is limited by the availability of salt caverns (Bruce, et al., 2018). Liquefaction Hydrogen can be liquified through the use of a multi-stage process of compression and cooling which is then stored in cryogenic tanks at temperatures of -253 ℃ (Bruce, et al., 2018). Liquified hydrogen has a much greater volumetric density, and therefore provides greater economic advantages in storage capacities. However, it should be noted that the process of liquefaction typically consumes around 30% of the hydrogen’s energy content. Furthermore, losses of hydrogen are experienced through evaporation, or “boil-off”, and the process itself is expensive (EERE, 2021). Ammonia Hydrogen can be converted into ammonia by combining nitrogen and hydrogen using the Haber Bosch Process. The use of green hydrogen creates green ammonia which can be used as a climate-friendly energy carrier, mineral fertilizer, and fuel. Ammonia is much less energy-intensive to liquify than hydrogen and is, therefore, simpler to store and transport (McMahon, 2020). Ammonia produces zero carbon emissions during combustion and is therefore considered an alternative for long-haul shipping fuel. At present, 2% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions originate from shipping – 80% of which is from long-haul shipping. The use of green ammonia as a marine fuel can therefore contribute to the achievement of a net-zero future. Ammonia is also commonly used as fertilizer (Statkraft, 2021; Zumdahl, 2020). In cases where the ammonia is intended to be converted back into hydrogen, additional conversion costs will arise. This is achieved using electrochemical cells with a proton-conducting membrane and an ammonia-splitting catalyst and is expected to consume around 8kWh per kg of hydrogen (McMahon, 2020; Bruce, et al., 2018). Hydrogen Transport and Distribution Hydrogen is commonly transported by either or a combination of trucks, rail, shipping, and pipelines. Each method presents suitability towards the different storage technologies and travel distances, as shown in Table 2. Due to the international scale of energy markets, the main transportation methods to be considered are shipping and pipelines, however, trucks and rail could also be considered at the macro-scale for the shorter travel distances between electrolysis plants and pipelines and/or shipping docks. Trucks and Rail Trucks and rail can be used to transport tanks of hydrogen in its gaseous and liquid form as well as ammonia to create a virtual pipeline for short distances that is already commercially available and easy to set up. It is less common for trucks and rail to be used to transport ammonia as the use of ammonia tends to be cost-effective at higher scales due to the energy requirements for hydrogen-ammonia conversion. Shipping Shipping is used for long-distance transportation and can thus be utilised for can be considered for the transportation of hydrogen. Typically, shipping has high operation costs and is, therefore, an unlikely carrier for gaseous hydrogen due to its low energy density. To be more cost-effective, liquid hydrogen or ammonia is normally transported in ships due to their higher energy densities. It should be noted that shipping ammonia has greater costs due to the reconversion losses. It is therefore suggested that ammonia is better suited to decarbonize sectors where it can be used as a direct fuel or feedstock without the need for reconversion (Wang, et al., 2021). Pipelines Pipelines are a suitable transport for simultaneous distribution to multiple points or intercity transmission of hydrogen in its gaseous state. The use of existing pipelines plays a major role in Europe’s transition into hydrogen due to the well-established natural gas pipeline connections that can be repurposed for hydrogen. This can take two forms: fully repurposed natural gas pipelines to carry 100% hydrogen; or hydrogen blending in which concentrations of hydrogen are injected into the natural gas. The repurposing of pipelines can only go as far as the capacities of the existing pipelines as well as being limited to their locations. As such, the construction of new pipelines that are intended for 100% hydrogen should also be considered when the demand for hydrogen is expected to exceed the hydrogen carrying capacities of existing pipelines. Hydrogen Blending Hydrogen blending is the process of injecting hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines at specific concentrations to reduce the carbon content within the distributed fuel, thus achieving a level of decarbonization. While concentrations of 25% have been achieved (Ibeh, et al., 2007), a hydrogen concentration of 20% is deemed more suitable due to the limitation of current end-use appliance compatibility with higher concentrations of hydrogen (Hydrogen Europe, 2020). At the end of the pipeline, the hydrogen can be extracted from the natural gas mixture through various methods such as pressure swing absorption (PSA), membrane separation, and electrochemical hydrogen separation, however, these add additional costs. For example, PSA extraction costs of a 20% hydrogen blend can range from EUR 1.77-6.56/kg depending on the desired recovery rate ranging from 100-1000 kg/day (Melaina, et al., 2013). Social The growing use of electrolysis has opened up at least 42 emerging occupations, such as hydrogen lab technician and hydrogen plant operations manager, with more to be expected as the industries mature (Bezdek, 2019). The 2x40GW Green Hydrogen Initiative is expected to produce 130,000-170,000 jobs in manufacturing and maintenance (Wijk & Chatzimarkakis, 2020). Based on this, electrolysis plants can have an expected job creation rate of around 1,875 jobs/GW. REFERENCES: ADFC (no date). Hydrogen Basics. [online] Available at: https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen_basics.html. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Antweiler, W. (2020). What role does hydrogen have in the future of electric mobility? [online] Available at: https://wernerantweiler.ca/blog.php?item=2020-09-28. [Accessed 12 November 2021]. Azinheira, G., Segurado, R. & Costa, M. (2019). ‘Is Renewable Energy-Powered Desalination a Viable Solution for Water Stressed Regions? A Case Study in Algarve, Portugal’, Energies, Vol. 12, doi: 10.3390/en12244651. Bezdek, R. H. (2019). ‘The hydrogen economy and jobs of the future’, Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain., Volume 4, January 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2018005. BNEF (2020). ‘Hydrogen Economy’ Offers Promising Path to Decarbonization. [online] Available at: https://about.bnef.com/blog/hydrogen-economy-offers-promising-path-to-decarbonization/. [Accessed 22 December 2021]. Bruce, S., Temminghodd, M, Hayward, J., Schmidt, E., Munnings, C., Palfreyman, D. & Hartley, P. (2018). ‘Australia’s National Hydrogen Roadmap’, CSIRO, Energy and Futures, Australia. Cavana, M. & Leone, P. (2021). ‘Solar Hydrogen from North Africa to Europe through Greenstream: A simulation-based analysis of blending scenarios and production plant sizing’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, pp. 22618-22637. Cummins Inc. (2020). Electrolyzers 101: What they are, how they work and where they fit in a green economy. [online] Available at: https://www.cummins.com/news/2020/11/16/electrolyzers-101-what-they-are-how-they-work-and-where-they-fit-green-economy. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Dawood, F., Anda, M. & Shafiullah, G. M. (2020). ‘Hydrogen production for energy: An overview’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue. 7, February 2020, pp. 3847-3869. Deloitte (2020). ‘Investing in hydrogen – Ready, set, net zero’, November 2020. Duren, M. (2017). ‘Energy in Times After the Energy Transition’, Understanding the Bigger Energy Picture, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57966-5_3, pp.45-87. European Commission (2020). ‘A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe’, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, July 2020. EIA (no date). Hydrogen explained- Production of hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydrogen/production-of-hydrogen.php. [Accessed 16 December 2021]. Einav, R., Harussi, K. & Perry, D. (2002). ‘The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment’, Desalination, Vol. 152, pp.141-154. EERE (2021). Liquid Hydrogen Delivery. [online] Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/liquid-hydrogen-delivery. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Giovannini, S. (2020). 50 shades of (grey and blue and green) hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://energy-cities.eu/50-shades-of-grey-and-blue-and-green-hydrogen/. [Accessed 03 December 2021]. Guo, Y., Li, G., Zhou, J. & Liu, Y. (2019). ‘Comparison between hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis and hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis’, Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 371, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/371/4/042022. Hague, O. (2021). What are the 3 Main Types of Hydrogen? [online] Available at: https://www.brunel.net/en/blog/renewable-energy/3-main-types-of-hydrogen. [Accessed 03 December 2021]. Ibeh, B., Gardner, C. & Ternan, M. (2007). ‘Separation of hydrogen from a hydrogejn/methane mixture using a PEM fuel cell’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, Issue 7, May 2007, pp. 908-914. Ibrahim, J. M. & Moussab, H. (2020). ‘Recent advances on hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis’, Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 3, 2020, pp. 780-807. IEA (2021a). Global Hydrogen Review 2021. [online] Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2021/executive-summary. [Accessed 22 December 2021]. IEA (2021b). Net Zero by 2050 – A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. [online] Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050. [Accessed 14 December 2021]. Jeffers, B., Gutcher, S., Hassan, N., Pace, S. & Hoogendoorn, R. (2021). Hydrogen: Ready for Take Off?, University of Surrey, Multi-Disciplinary Design Project, 2020-21. Kalamara, C. M. & Efstathiou, A. M. (2013). ‘Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments’, Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Conference Papers in Energy, November 2012, Limassol, Cyprus. Khan, M. A., Al-Attas, T., Roy, S., Rahman, M. M., Ghaffour, N., Thangadurai, V., Larter, S., Hu, J., Ajayan, P. M. & Kibria, M. G. (2021). ‘Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production: a solution looking for a problem?’, Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 14, Issue 9, pp. 4831-4839. KPMG (2021). The Hydrogen Trajectory. [online] Available at: https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/11/the-hydrogen-trajectory.html. [Accessed 22 December 2021]. Ludwig Bölkow Systemtechnik (no date). Hydrogen Data. [online] Available at: http://www.h2data.de/. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Mathiesen, B. V., Ridjan, I., Connolly, D., Nielsen, M. P., Vang Hendriksen, P., Bjerg Mogensen, M., Hojgaard Jensen, S. & Dalgaard Ebbesen, S. (2013). Technology data for high temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells, alkali and PEM electrolysers, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. McMahon, M. (2020). New Technology Seamlessly Converts Ammonia to Green Hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201118141718.htm. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Melaina, M. W., Antonia, O. & Penev, M. (2013). ‘Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues’, NREL, technical report, March 2013. Milbrandt, A. & Mann, M. (2009). ‘Hydrogen Resource Assessment – Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power’, NREL, Technical Report, February 2009. National Grid (2021a). The hydrogen colour spectrum. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/hydrogen-colour-spectrum. [Accessed 09 October 2021]. National Grid (2021b). What is hydrogen? [online] Available at: https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-hydrogen. [Accessed 09 October 2021]. Petrofac (2021). The difference between green hydrogen and blue hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://www.petrofac.com/media/stories-and-opinion/the-difference-between-green-hydrogen-and-blue-hydrogen/. [Accessed 03 December 2021]. PwC (2021). The green hydrogen economy – Predicting the decarbonisation agenda of tomorrow. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/energy-utilities-resources/future-energy/green-hydrogen-cost.html. [Accessed 22 December 2021]. Statkraft (2021). Green Ammonia: Clime Friendly Fuel for Long Distances and Heavy Tasks. [online] Available at: Green ammonia: Climate-friendly fuel for long distances and heavy tasks (statkraft.com). [Accessed 20 October 2021]. U.S. Department of Energy (2021). Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis. [online] Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-electrolysis. [Accessed 18 October 2021]. Vickers, J., Peterson, D. & Randolph, K. (2020). ‘Cost of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production with Existing Technology’, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record, Department of Energy United States of America, September 2020. Wang, A., Jens, J., Mavins, D., Moultak, M., Schimmel, M., Leun, K., Peters, D. & Buseman, M. (2021). ‘Analysing future demand, supply, and transport of hydrogen’, European Hydrogen Backbone, Guidehouse, June 2021. Wijk, A. V. & Chatzimarkakis, J. (2020). ‘Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal – A 2x40 GW Initiative’, Hydrogen Europe, March 2020. Wood Mackenzie (2020). Hydrogen production costs to 2040: Is a tipping point on the horizon? [online] Available at: https://www.woodmac.com/our-expertise/focus/transition/hydrogen-production-costs-to-2040-is-a-tipping-point-on-the-horizon/?utm_campaign=energy-transition&utm_medium=article&utm_source=gtm&utm_content=hydrogen-costs. [Accessed 22 December 2021]. Zumdahl, S. S. (2020). Ammonia – Chemical Compound. [online] Available at: ammonia | Definition & Uses | Britannica. [Accessed 20 October 2021].

Team Effectiveness Overview Teams are an efficient and effective way to manage projects, where efficiency implies performing the work well and high satisfaction of the group members. To complete the volume of work, a shared commitment amongst teammates is required to achieve both individual and collective results (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993). Management is responsible for clarifying the rationale and performance targets for a team but also needs to be flexible to allow the team to develop its own commitments around purpose, goals, and approach. Conditions that make an Effective Team (defined by Hackman) Hackman’s condition: clear objectives and measurable agreed performance goals team size the right mix of team skills (technical expertise, problem-solving, decision-making, and interpersonal skills) effectively communication strong structure As found by Hackman’s condition, ‘compelling direction’ and other studies, a successful team should have clear objectives and measurable, agreed performance goals that will allow a team to achieve wins targeted to a broader long-term purpose which will help keep clear communication and track progress (Bailey, 2022) (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993) (Haas & Mortensen, 2016). Another factor is team size. It is suggested that a team size of ten people is far more productive than larger groups at working through individual, functional and hierarchical differences towards a common objective. With a team sharing a common goal and purpose, mutual accountability and trust are very important factors that ensure the team's effectiveness and produce a mutual achievement. Moreover, the right mix of team skills is necessary for effective performance. As defined by Katzenbach & Smith, these skills fall into technical expertise, problem-solving, decision-making, and interpersonal skills. Hence, the requirement of competence in the field in the team operation, decision-makers to move forward, and people that can effectively communicate and avoid conflict through constructive criticism, are required in the mix of a successful team (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993). Hackman went further with his ‘strong structure’ condition by stating that all individuals should have a balance of skills such as diversity in knowledge, views, and perspectives which will help teams to be more creative and innovative (Haas & Mortensen, 2016). The differentiation in skills set could also be explained by Belbin’s team roles as seen in Figure 5, which groups behaviors in a set of clusters of effective contributors to a team (Belbin, 2022).

It's no surprise that firms are looking into adopting 3D printing in building now that 3D printing devices are readily available for domestic usage. Concrete 3D printers, in particular, have been steadily gaining favor among architects and construction companies. Despite their beginnings, these are projected to provide housing solutions to the 1.2 billion people worldwide who do not have access to safe and cheap homes. This article will cover 3D-printed concrete, its uses, processes, advantages, limitations, and some examples of structures that have been constructed with it so far. What is 3D Printed Concrete? 3D printed concrete is a type of concrete that may be placed layer by layer using a 3D printer without formwork or a vibration process. The foundations of 3D printed concrete house constructions are layering, with each layer deposited on top of a previous layer of pumped concrete. This process is repeated until the desired structure appears. The concrete mix contains the same materials as regular concrete mixes: water, cement, and aggregates such as sand or stone. The texture and consistency of the dish are crucial to its success. Pressure buildup, which can block the nozzle or harm the printing equipment, is less likely with a working consistency. As a result, the consistency is retained comparable to that of aerated dough for construction purposes. Workability, setting and hardening time, and mechanical qualities are just a few critical performance indicators that can be improved with the right materials and printing parameters. How are Structures Built with it? A typical concrete 3D printer uses a robotic arm with one end attached to the printhead and the other to a gantry or crane-like robotic arm system to additively create things through material extrusion. This printer deposits materials like concrete layer by layer through a nozzle. Concrete must lose a large portion of its flexibility to maintain the printed shape shortly after printing. On the other hand, concrete should not solidify too quickly to allow layers to cling to one another. If the layers are stacked on top of one another with no strong connections between them, the structure will be weak and have no tensile strength. This means that we won't be able to utilise regular concrete in 3D printing. Instead, a special type of concrete will be required. What are the Advantages of 3D Printed Concrete? 3D Printed Concrete offers many advantages, some of which are: ● Environment Friendly The manufacturing of regular Portland cement results in considerable carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases. The cement sector is responsible for around 8% of all carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. In such a case, limestone can be used as limestone is less toxic and has a lower environmental impact than Portland cement throughout the manufacturing process. It can be used in concrete for 3D printing instead of standard Portland cement without lowering the quality of the printing mixture. ● Budget-friendly in the long run 3D printing incurs additional carriage and assembly costs that the customer must bear during off-site construction. The cost savings of on-site 3D printing are much more likely to be passed on to the new homeowner because the construction company can maintain a healthy profit margin despite the overall cost reduction. Also, it is interesting to note that 3D printing is being used by aviation companies such as Boeing, Rolls Royce, and Pratt & Whitney to create metal parts, mostly for jet engines. It can be less expensive than machining metal blocks, and the complicated components are often lighter than their traditional counterparts. ● Time-Saving A 3D printed house, including complete finishing and furniture, might take only a few days using on-site 3D construction printing. The absence of transportation lag periods means less burden for the building 3D printing company. Thus, these time savings are directly passed on to the consumer. That means there will be more opportunities to 3D print more houses rather than having a backlog of orders to ship and build. Are there any Limitations with 3D Printed Concrete? Unfortunately, yes. Making molds is one useful application for 3D printing in construction. Mould creation is usually a challenge in sophisticated precast projects since it necessitates a lot of labour and precision. The technique becomes easier and needs less labour if the moulds are 3D printed. Moreover, economic viability is one stumbling block for 3D printing technology. This technology will not be extensively embraced unless there is a clear economic gain at some point in the future. As a result, manufacturers may want to consider broadening their business model. Structures built with 3D Printed Concrete Some of the structures that have been erected with 3D Printing are: ● Dubai's Warsan building holds the Guinness World Record for the largest on-site 3D printed structure. The construction was 3D printed on-site using mineral-infused fluids that solidify into concrete, eliminating the need for any additional assembly labour. The structure stands 9.5 metres tall, covers 640 square metres, and was built entirely of local materials. ● Shanghai Pedestrian Bridge In the industrial and creative core of Shanghai's Baoshan district, the world's largest pedestrian bridge 3D printed entirely in concrete was completed at the start of 2019. Professor Xu Weiguo of Tsinghua University's School of Architecture led a team that developed and led the project. ●The Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed the Additive Manufacturing Integrated Energy (AMIE). It's a solar-powered structure linked to a hybrid electric vehicle, forming a complete energy system. During the day, solar panels supply energy to the vehicle, while the 3D printed vehicle provides energy to the residence. Conclusion Concrete 3D printing has the same challenges as other businesses that use the technology. It takes time to develop new technology. It's a matter of figuring out specifics and making all of the many elements work. Concrete constructions printed in 3D will most likely become more common in the future. We can't say what shape it will take in the construction industry right now. References ● 3D printed house: 20 most important projects. All3DP. (2021, January 28). Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://all3dp.com/2/3d-printed-house-3d-printed-building/ ● 3D printed house: 20 most important projects. All3DP. (2021, January 28). Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://all3dp.com/2/3d-printed-house-3d-printed-building/ ● “Dubai Unveils World’s Largest On-Site 3D Printed Building.” 3D Printing, 3dprinting.com, 25 Oct. 2019, https://3dprinting.com/construction/dubai-unveils-worlds-largest-on-site-3d-printed-building/. ● “How 3D Concrete Printing Is Paving the Way for Construction - GrabCAD Blog.” GrabCAD Blog, blog.grabcad.com, 27 June 2019, https://blog.grabcad.com/blog/2019/06/27/3d-concrete-printing/. ● “3D Concrete Printing.” 3D Concrete Printing, ind.sika.com, https://ind.sika.com/en/knowledge-hub/3d-concrete-printing.html. Accessed 2 May 2022. ● “A Review of the Current Progress and Application of 3D Printed Concrete.” A Review of the Current Progress and Application of 3D Printed Concrete - ScienceDirect, www.sciencedirect.com, 17 July 2019, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359835X19302829#:~:text=3D%20printed%20concrete%20is%20a%20special%20type%20of%20concrete%20that,concrete%20and%20self%2Dcompacting%20concrete. ● “How Does a Concrete 3D Printer Work? - 3Dnatives.” 3Dnatives, www.3dnatives.com, 8 Jan. 2021, https://www.3dnatives.com/en/how-does-a-concrete-3d-printer-work-080120215/#! ● “What Is 3D Printed Concrete? Can It Change The Construction Industry….” Specify Concrete, www.specifyconcrete.org, https://www.specifyconcrete.org/blog/what-is-3d-printed-concrete-can-it-change-the-construction-industry-as-we-know-it. Accessed 2 May 2022. ● “3D Printing Gets Bigger, Faster and Stronger.” 3D Printing Gets Bigger, Faster and Stronger, www.nature.com, 27 Apr. 2022, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00271-6. ● “3D-Printed Concrete: Still in Its Infancy - Elematic Precast Technology.” Elematic Precast Technology, www.elematic.com, 30 Mar. 2021, https://www.elematic.com/concrete-issues/3d-printed-concrete-still-in-its-infancy/. ● Chougan, Mehdi, et al. “Future Cities Could Be 3D Printed – Using Concrete Made with Recycled Glass.” The Conversation, theconversation.com, 28 Feb. 2022, https://theconversation.com/future-cities-could-be-3d-printed-using-concrete-made-with-recycled-glass-175598. ● “Everything to Know about 3D Printing in Construction | 3DRIFIC.” Everything to Know about 3D Printing in Construction | 3DRIFIC, 3drific.com, 15 Jan. 2022, https://3drific.com/everything-to-know-about-3d-printing-in-construction/.

by Er. Bishwonath Paudel Civil engineers jobs are one of the world’s most important jobs: they build our quality of life. With creativity and technical skill, civil engineers plan, design, construct and operate the facilities essential to modern life, ranging from bridges and highway systems to water treatment plants and energy ­efficient buildings. Civil engineers are problem solvers, meeting the challenges of pollution, traffic congestion, drinking water, and energy needs, urban redevelopment, and community planning. Whatever area a civil engineer chooses, be it design, construction, research, planning, teaching, or management, civil engineering offers him a wide range of jobs for his career choices. MAJOR BRANCHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Structural engineers face the challenge of designing structures that support their own weight and the loads they carry, and that resist extreme forces from wind, earthquakes, bombings, temperature, and others. Bridges, buildings, amusement park rides, and many other kinds of projects are included in this specialty. Structural engineers develop appropriate combinations of steel, concrete, timber, plastic, and new exotic materials. They also plan and design, and visit project sites to make sure work is done properly. 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING The skills of environmental engineers have become increasingly important as we protect our fragile resources. Environmental engineers translate physical, chemical, and biological processes into systems to destroy toxic substances, remove pollutants from water, reduce non-­hazardous solid waste volumes, eliminate contaminants from the air and develop groundwater supplies. Environmental engineers are called upon to resolve the problems of providing safe drinking water, cleaning up contaminated sites with hazardous materials, disposing of wastewater, and managing solid wastes. 3. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Geotechnical engineering is required in all aspects of civil engineering because most projects are supported by the ground. A geotechnical engineer may develop projects below the ground, such as tunnels, foundations and offshore platforms. They analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of these structures. They evaluate potential settlements of buildings, the stability of slopes and fills, the seepage of groundwater, and the effects of earthquakes. They investigate rocks and soils at a project site and determine the best way to support a structure in the ground. They also take part in the design and construction of dams, embankments, and retaining walls. Have you read? Soil Mechanics: Effects of water on soil 4. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Water is essential to our lives, and water resources engineers deal with the physical control of water. They work with others to prevent floods, supply water for cities, industry, and agriculture, protect beaches or to manage and redirect rivers. They design, construct and maintain hydroelectric power facilities, canals, dams, pipelines, pumping stations, locks, seaport facilities and even water slides. Recommended: How to design a Surface Water Treatment Plant 5. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING The quality of a community is directly related to the quality of its transportation system. Transportation engineers work to move people, goods, and materials safely and efficiently. They find ways to meet our ever-increasing travel needs on land, air, and sea. They design, construct and maintain all types of transportation facilities, including airports, highways, railroads, mass transit systems, and ports. An important part of transportation engineering is upgrading our transportation capability by improving traffic control and mass transit systems, and by introducing high-­speed trains, people movers, and other intermodal transportation methods. Recommended: AV's - Key ethical challenges in the adoption of new technologies in Transportation 6. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING The construction phase of a project represents the first tangible result of a design. Using technical and management skills, construction engineers turn designs into reality ­ on time and within budget. They apply their knowledge of construction methods and equipment, along with the principles of financing, planning, and managing, to turn the designs of other engineers into successful facilities. Recommended for you: Cost, Time and Quality | The Golden Triangle in Construction 7. URBAN AND COMMUNITY PLANNING Urban and Community Planners are concerned with the full development of a community. They analyze a variety of information to coordinate projects, such as projecting street patterns, identifying park and recreation areas, and determining areas for industrial and residential growth. They employ their technical and people skills to coordinate with other authorities to integrate freeways, airports, and other related facilities. Check out more work by Er. Bishwonath Paudel

Structure Review The Glasgow Stock Exchange building is situated at the corner of Buchanan Street and of Nelson Mandela Place (known as St George’s Place before 1986). It’s a 4-story building of Venetian Gothic style constructed in 1875-77 by architect John Burnet and later expanded by his son John James Burnet. It is said that the architect was inspired by the London Law Courts, “this design exploits themes from Burge’s competition design for the London Law Courts” [1]. Through studying this building I’m trying to see how the wealth and economic growth of Glasgow were exhibited through architecture and if it is of the right nature to do so. The Glasgow Stock Exchange, which was founded in 1884, was one of five exchanges in Scotland, others being in Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee, and Greenock that would later become part of the Glasgow Stock Exchange which, later on, merged with the Scottish Stock Exchange and then into the London Stock Exchange. At its time Glasgow was the focus for the UK’s moneymakers, as being the financial center of the country. One glancing at this building can realize it is of a Gothic ethos, but it’s not of a simple Gothic style, is one of extravagance that displays wealth. Through its lancet and oculus windows, its ornamental details, and pinnacles. This style of Venetian Gothic originates from the climax of the Venetian republic, one of political and economic power. A period of expansion of trade, territorial expansion, industrial growth, and population growth. A rapid rise of prosperity for Venice in the 14th century. Quite similarly translated into a period of Glasgow, that you can see through the Glasgow Stock Exchange building in the 19th century. Glasgow experienced a population and economic growth, from a population of a quarter-million growing to over three quarters due to migration from the Highlands, Ireland, Italy, and Eastern Europe. As well as the Industrial Revolution, ranking Glasgow as one of the richest and finest cities in Europe as well as clamming the name as the Second City of the Empire, after London. Making this comparison of the Venetian Gothic style, which represents the pinnacle of Venetian wealth and influence in its time and seeing how this translation of Venetian Gothic in Glasgow shows the exact same in its own respectable time period. The ornaments of the building’s façade can tell us a lot about the status, purpose, and wealth of the building itself but also in a greater sense of the city in that time period. Ornaments in architecture have been seen, throughout history, as the key to the foundations of architecture [2]. Except for being an aesthetically beautiful detail to look at from a passer-by perspective, it also conveys vital political information of the purpose, the rank of the owner, or of the institution the building hosted. But also seen as operators and social communicators, creating signs of social distinction and wealth [3], mirroring societies structure and precious metals permanence. [1] Doak, A. M, Andrew McLaren Young, and David Walker. 1983. Glasgow At A Glance. London: Hale. [2] Picon, Antoine. 2013. Ornament. Chichester: Wiley. [3] Picon, Antoine. 2013. Ornament. Chichester: Wiley. The first ornament you see from a quick look at the Glasgow Stock Exchange is the 5 roundels with statues in them that depict some industries the Stock Exchange dealt with, such as mining, science, and engineering. That quickly identifies the main practices during the industrial period and being the main sources of innovation and wealth for the city. Following on to 3 Allegorical Statues representing industry, commerce, and agriculture that reinforce the idea of the building use and significance to the local economy, elevating its status and separating itself from the surrounding buildings giving it more significance in the urban landscape as well as having griffons at the top of the building that symbolize the protection of wealth. Following on the 4 figure statues of the capitals at Buchanan Street, they represent the 4 continents [4]. Keeping in mind all the statues were made by John Mossman, one of the main sculptors of the city at this time, making the construction costlier thus showing the excess wealth that was spent onto it, quoting Antoine Picon from Ornaments, “it can accrue and constitute a kind of heirloom, like jewels that literally are worth their weight in precious metals” [5]. On a more general note, observing other ornamental details such as the textured wall in the middle height of the building, as well as the details in the columns and even the roof, show to what extent the architecture of the building went to showcase the high budget and carelessness with money. That also reflects the importance of what the building was hosting to the economy of the city. Adding all those ornamental details on the façade of the Stock Exchange, which are truly small but vital details to a building, not only showcases the wealth the city has acquired in that period, but also creates social separation. In a period that societies across Europe were unable to agree on their fundamental values. An era in Glasgow of extreme wealth and innovation but also in contrast suffering from appalling social problems of poverty, crime, and disease for others. Even though there were attempts to introduce a new style of the industrial era by German architect Heinrich Hübsch in his 1828 essay titled In welchem Style sollen wir bauen? (In What Style Should We Build?) [6] which failed. The ornamentation on the building goes to such an extent to not only identify itself but to elevate it socially from the rest of the street. Lifting it to a level where people of a class and education can use it. The dilemma is, is it right to show off extravagant wealth through architecture when the broader society itself is suffering, and by doing that the social barrier broadens, creating a stricter classist hierarchy. [4]McKean, Charles, David Walker, and Frank Arneil Walker. 1989. Central Glasgow. Edinburgh: Mainstream. [5]Picon, Antoine. 2013. Ornament. Chichester: Wiley. [6]Hübsch, Heinrich. 1992. In What Style Should We Build? The German Debate On Architectural Style. Los Angeles: Getty Center for History of Art and the Humanities. References: ABACUS, Scott. 2021. "Theglasgowstory: The Glasgow Stock Exchange". Theglasgowstory.Com. https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSB00077 Arslan, Edoardo, and Anne Engel. 1971. [Venezia Gotica.] Gothic Architecture In Venice. Translated ... By Anne Engel. London: Phaidon. "BBC - History - Scottish History". 2014. Bbc.Co.Uk. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml. Connell, Susan. 1982. [Rezension Von:] Howard, Deborah: The Architectural History Of Venice. - Batsford. Doak, A. M, Andrew McLaren Young, and David Walker. 1983. Glasgow At A Glance. London: Hale. "From Money To Mandela". 2021. Lost Glasgow. https://www.lostglasgow.scot/posts/from-money-to-mandela-290/ "Glasgow - Second City Of The Empire: Technology & Manufacturing, Cultural & Social Change - Clyde Waterfront Heritage". 2021. Clydewaterfront.Com. http://www.clydewaterfront.com/clyde-heritage/river-clyde/second-city-of-the-empire Gomme, A. H, and David Walker. 1987. Architecture Of Glasgow. London: Lund Humphries in association with the Glasgow Booksellers, J. Smith. Hübsch, Heinrich. 1992. In What Style Should We Build? The German Debate On Architectural Style. Los Angeles: Getty Center for History of Art and the Humanities. McKean, Charles, David Walker, and Frank Arneil Walker. 1989. Central Glasgow. Edinburgh: Mainstream. Picon, Antoine. 2013. Ornament. Chichester: Wiley. Smith, Ken. 2021. "Climbing The Ladder Of Success". Heraldscotland. https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/14227131.climbing-ladder-success/

Introduction Hydrogen is the most abundant element on Earth and is mainly found in water and organic compounds (Dawood, et al., 2020). With a high energy density of 33.3 kWh/kg and a low volumetric density of 0.09 kg/m3 at normal conditions (Ludwig Bölkow Systemtechnik, n.d.), hydrogen is considered to have a very high potential as an energy carrier due to its potential to be compressed into smaller, and more transportable, volumes. On top of this, hydrogen can be converted into electricity while only emitting heat and water vapor, thus no harmful by-products are produced (ADFC, n.d.). As such, hydrogen has the potential to play a major role in the movement towards a sustainable, net-zero future. The main concern and uncertainty with the mass adoption of hydrogen is its method of production. Currently, almost all hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels – 76% of which come from the steam reforming of natural gases and the remainder from the gasification of coal. In total, this produces around 830 MtCO2/annum (Cavana & Leone, 2021). Fortunately, technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CSS) and electrolyzers are expected to increase in usage due to their ability to lower the environmental impact of hydrogen production. However, as these technologies are still in their infant stage, the production costs are much higher than that of fossil fuel-based hydrogen therefore, the adoption of these technologies is not considered feasible until around 2030. There are various types of hydrogen classified by their method of production and distinguished by ‘color’. The main types of hydrogen under consideration are grey hydrogen, blue hydrogen, and green hydrogen. Each of which is discussed further below, along with an overview of hydrogen storage and transportation methods. Grey Hydrogen Generally, the term “grey hydrogen” is used to describe hydrogen produced from fossil fuels. The most common form of grey hydrogen is that which originates from natural gas and is extracted using processes such as ‘steam methane reforming (SMR) and ‘autothermal reforming’ (ATR). These processes extract hydrogen from hydrocarbons by splitting natural gases into hydrogen and CO2 (Petrofac, 2021). Steam Methane Reforming Focusing on SMR, hydrogen is extracted from methane as it reacts with high-temperature steam, at around 700-930 ℃ and pressures of around 3-25 bar, along with a catalyst (EIA, n.d.). The efficiency of SMR generally ranges between 65% and 85% and is thus in the higher range of most commercial hydrogen production technologies (Kayfeci, 2019). SMR is also the most widespread production process of grey hydrogen while also being the least expensive with cost estimates of around EUR 1.5/kg (Kalamara & Efstathiou, 2013; European Commission, 2020). However, this cost is expected to increase with the cost of natural gas and carbon tax. Typically, around 4.5 m3 of natural gas is required per kg of hydrogen produced (Milbrant & Mann, 2009). Grey hydrogen also comes with a major disadvantage of high carbon emissions; typically, around 9.3 kg of CO2 per kg of hydrogen is produced (Giovannini, 2020). It is thus an interest to transition the production of grey hydrogen to more environmentally friendly solutions such as green and blue hydrogen. Blue Hydrogen Blue hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, with the same production processes as grey hydrogen, but with the addition of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to offset the levels of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. It is not possible to capture all the carbon dioxide through CCS, therefore, blue hydrogen is referred to as a ‘low-carbon hydrogen’ alternative (National Grid, 2021a). Steam Methane Reforming and Carbon Capture and Storage Through CCS, CO2 emissions are captured and stored underground, often in salt caverns or depleted oil and gas reserves, rather than dispersed into the atmosphere (Hague, 2021). Typically, around 80-90% of the CO2 emissions can be captured, thus still emitting around 10-20%. Therefore, we can expect CO2 emissions of around 1.4 kg of CO2 per kg of blue hydrogen produced (Giovannini, 2020). This added CCS technology also introduces additional technical challenges as well as an increase in price with blue hydrogen cost estimates of around EUR 2/kg (Hague, 2021; European Commission, 2020). This cost includes the CAPEX, OPEX, carbon tax, and natural gas prices (Global CCS Institute, 2021) in which fuel is the largest cost component, accounting for 45-75% of production costs (KPMG, 2021). Similar cost estimates assume a natural gas price of around EUR 7/GJ (Glabal CSS Institute, 2021). As a result of increased natural gas prices and carbon taxes, the cost of blue hydrogen is expected to increase to EUR 2.35/kg in 2025 and to EUR 2.70/kg in 2035 (Deloitte, 2020). See Table 1 for a cost summary with the 2025 cost determined through extrapolation. Green Hydrogen Green hydrogen also referred to as renewable hydrogen (European Commission, 2020), is the cleanest form of hydrogen in which no greenhouse gases are emitted throughout the production process of electrolysis. This involves the splitting of water molecules into their constituent atoms of oxygen and hydrogen. For the process to be fully ‘green’, the electrolysis is powered by clean energy from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power (National Grid, 2021b). At present, only around 1% of all hydrogen production is in the form of green hydrogen (Giovannini, 2020). Electrolysis Electrolysis occurs inside an electrolyzer. This consists of an anode and cathode, separated by an electrolyte. These collect the individual elements through attraction whereby the positively charged hydrogen ions are attracted to the negatively charged cathode while the negatively charged oxygen ions are attracted to the positively charged anode (Bruce, et al., 2018), see Figure 1. Typically, around 9 liters of water and 48 kWh are required for every kg of green hydrogen produced. Therefore, it is important to have an appropriate water supply when deciding on the location of an electrolyzer as well as a supply of renewable energy. Furthermore, the purity of water is also important to minimize side reactions caused by ions found in naturally occurring water, such as salt (Bruce, et al., 2018; Antweiler, 2020). As such, the use of fresh water and seawater should be considered. There are various types of electrolyzers; examples of such technologies are polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, alkaline electrolyzers, and solid oxide electrolyzers. Each differs based on the electrolyte material and the type of reactions that occur (U.S. Department of Energy, 2021) while also providing different benefits and challenges. While both are mature technologies, studies indicate that the hydrogen industry will mostly depend on PEM electrolyzers over alkaline electrolyzers due to their compact design, high system efficiency, fast response times, dynamic operations, low temperatures, and their ability to produce ultrapure hydrogen at raised pressures of around 30-80 bar (Khan, et al., 2021). However, it should be noted that there are also new emerging electrolysis technologies such as solid oxide electrolyzers that could overtake the more established technologies with further development (Mathiesen, et al., 2013). Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysers PEM electrolyzers have a solid specialty plastic material for the electrolyte. Currently, the most advanced PEM electrolyzers can produce hydrogen at 400m3/h, however, further development of such technology is restricted by high manufacturing costs (Guo, et al., 2019). PEM electrolyzers do however have fast start-up times, minimal corrosion, simple maintenance, and few components (U.S. Department of Energy, 2021). Alkaline Electrolysers Alkaline electrolyzers use a liquid alkaline solution, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, as the electrolyte (Cummins, 2020). The technology behind alkaline electrolyzers is well established with low manufacturing costs. With a potential hydrogen production of 1000m3/h, these electrolyzers are suitable for large-scale hydrogen production. In contrast to the PEM electrolyzers, however, alkaline electrolyzers have a slow start-up, vulnerable to corrosion, complicated maintenance, and consist of many components (Guo, et al., 2019). Solid Oxide Electrolysers Solid oxide electrolyzers use a solid ceramic material as the electrolyte. Solid oxide electrolyzers operate at much higher temperatures, at around 700-800℃, while PEM electrolyzers operate at 80-90℃ and alkaline electrolyzers at up to 100℃ (Cummins., 2020; U.S. Department of Energy, 2021). Seawater Desalination Freshwater can be bought from suppliers however, the usage of seawater fed electrolysis a growing as it can be more efficient and appropriate depending on the potable water scarcity within the location of the plant. Representing around 96.5% of the water on Earth, seawater can be considered in abundance and particularly suitable for coastal regions. The purification and desalination of water can be achieved through various methods such as reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash distillation, electrodialysis, and multiple effect distillation (Ibrahim & Moussab, 2020; Khan, et al., 2021). Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has undergone great technological advancements in the form of improved membrane technology, more efficient energy recovery devices, and process optimization that have resulted in lower energy, CAPEX, and OPEX requirements. Desalination plants can expect power consumption of about 3 kWh per m3 of desalinated water. The CAPEX of an SWRO plant varies depending on the technology, location, and plant size (Khan, et al., 2021). The CAPEX of various plant sizes is summarised in Table 2. The OPEX of an SWRO plant accounts for plant maintenance, labor, chemicals, and membrane exchange and equates to around EUR 0.23/(m3/annum) (Azinheira, et al., 2019). Based on the typical area requirement of 25 acres for a seawater desalination plant with a capacity of 100 million m3/annum (Einav, et al., 2002), the required land area can be considered at 0.01 km2/(10 million m3/annum). REFERENCES: ADFC (no date). Hydrogen Basics. 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Insight from Civils.ai founder Stevan Lukic It might not be obvious, but 2022 has been a big year for the construction industry. Let’s take a look at five projects shaping up to change the construction industry at its core. 1. Tesla’s Optimus Project Elon Musk’s announcement late last year that Tesla is developing their first fully automated humanoid caught many by surprise. Even more so for the construction industry who in 2022 are realising that one of Elon’s primary commitments for this robot is to develop it to replace humans in tiring, repetitive, or high risk work. Construction projects tick all three of these boxes. Using the sensor and best in class AI technology developed for their cars, these robots are expected to be one of the smartest in the industry, with Boston Dynamics the only robotics company currently in direct competition. The most popular robot developed by Boston Dynamics, Spot, costs a hefty $70,000 meaning that there is a gap in the market for a low cost humanoid robot capable of replacing humans. The robot which is expected to stand at 173 centimetres tall and weigh 57 kilograms is designed to be physically weaker than an average human, however, use of these robots could drastically speed up the construction process, allowing for a tireless workforce capable of handling risky situations. 2. Civils.ai Artificial Intelligence and construction data Civil Engineers rely on accurate data to make their design predictions and assessments. To find this data most Engineer’s need to spend hours pouring through PDF’s and technical catalogues searching for references. Or resorting to Google search and not necessarily following the advice “don’t trust everything you read on the internet”. Accurate design and planning of construction projects are important. Finding cost, duration, programme, engineering properties and technical data is needed for Engineer’s to make the right decision. Civils.ai is an open-source Civil Engineering analysis and data provider. They are digitising construction information and providing calculators to solve a Civil Engineer’s most commonly occurring issues. With calculators for geotechnical analysis such as bored and driven pile design, bearing capacity and retaining wall design Civils.ai has Geotechnical Engineer’s well covered. Structural Engineers can perform frame analysis, steel section design and beam analysis. Tunnel Engineers can design tunnel linings and mining SCL design on the platform. Civils.ai provides free Civil Engineering design calculators and most of the code is open-source, with a community of Engineers from around the world working tirelessly to improve the platform. The end game for Civils.ai is to provide the first artificial intelligence solution to the construction industry on the database of construction information they are building, allowing for parametric design and Civil Engineering automation. 3. Internet of Things (IoT) Tracking materials and resources are being increasingly important in the construction industry and several startups and breaking through with new solutions. Solutions are emerging to monitor the health and stress levels of lone workers and notify site management of any potential incidents involving the worker and to call for emergency assistance. Other solutions are being created to provide a more complete overview of the supply chain, tracking items with QR codes linked to BIM repositories and RFID systems. Most IoT systems focus on tracking key metrics related to construction progress in terms of time, cost and resources and can provide meaningful insights into the status of a project. Traditionally this kind of tracking would require the management team to communicate with the many stakeholders involved in a project and try to assemble the information and make the correct decisions, with IoT solutions, this can be automated. 4. HILTI Exoskeletons The HILTI Exoskeleton is a fascinating piece of equipment. Costing only $1,599 it is regarded as the first affordable exoskeleton in the construction industry. The exoskeleton allows construction workers to perform overhead work for longer periods of time, complementing their range of anchors and fixing solutions, which are often installed, you guessed it, overhead. The exoskeleton is a game changer as previous exoskeletons have cost upwards of $100,000 making this a near 100x improvement. Direct comparisons with other exoskeletons such as the full body Sarcos Robotics’ Guardian XO are not entirely fair due to the significant difference in load bearing capacity, with the Guardian XO amplifying human strength by a whopping 20x and the Hilti exoskeleton providing a minor reduction in arm and shoulder fatigue whilst using their drilling equipment. The price tag for the Hilti exoskeleton is certainly amazing and shows that the use of exoskeletons in construction has a bright future. 5. Digital twins I will be totally honest, I hadn’t heard of the term ‘digital twin’ until a year ago. I commonly referred to any kind of 2D or 3D geospatial modeling as BIM. However digital twins are now the buzz and I’m happy to join the hype. The key element of a digital twin is that construction is only one element in the lifespan of a building. If a building takes 5 years to build but has a serviceability life of 150 years, our construction BIM model is covering only 3.3% of its existence. The key idea of digital twins is that creating an accurate and precise digital twin of a project during its inception can pay huge dividends later in the building's lifecycle. Incorporating data into the digital twin on component details and supply chain data can make finding a replacement part 10 years from now a piece of cake. Tracking building progress can also be simplified with a single source of truth for knowing which components are already installed, which are on their way, and where productivity is hitting snags Recommended: Dimensions of BIM explained (4D, 5D, 6D,7D) Insight from Civils.ai founder Stevan Lukic

by Er. Bishwonath Paudel Quick Take Civil engineers plan, design, construct, operate and maintain roads, bridges, dams, water supply schemes, sewerage systems, transportation, harbors, canals, dockyards, airports, railways, factories, and large buildings. Civil engineers may perform the following tasks: Investigate sites to work out the most suitable foundation for a proposed construction Research and advice on the best engineering solution to meet a client’s needs and budget Produce detailed designs and documentation for the construction and implementation of civil engineering projects Organize the delivery of materials, plant, and equipment needed for the construction project and supervise labor Develop detailed programs for the coordination of site activities Talk to other engineers, architects, landscape architects, and environmental scientists Assist government bodies in preparing yearly works programs within set budgets (e.g. for works on car parks, drainage, roads, aerodromes, or sewerage) Prepare engineering calculations required for the design of projects and supervise the drafting Operate computers to assist with the design of civil engineering projects Coordinate and direct research development and testing of materials, processes, or systems related to civil engineering works Research, advise on and plan the control and minimization of air, water, and solid waste pollution, and the management of water Supervise the testing and commissioning of completed works Analyze and interpret reports on loading, labor, productivity, quality, materials, and performance Analyze risks associated with natural disasters including wind, earthquake, fire, and floods, and design structures and services to meet appropriate standards Arrange for geological and geophysical investigations and carry out feasibility studies. Recommended to you: Career Advice: Do I need an engineering degree to be in engineering? Civil Engineer Career Path by Abdullah Ali Abbasi PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS: Able to identify, analyze and solve problems Good oral and written communication skills Aptitude for computing and design Practical and creative Able to work without supervision Able to work as part of a team Able to accept responsibility Willing to contribute and adhere to the safety requirements of the operation. PROUD TO BE A CIVIL ENGINEER? Yes or no comments down below This article is courtesy of Er. Bishwonath Paudel

Summary of the Project example: A project developer has established a special purpose company (SPC) to develop an onshore windfarm in Norway. The SPC has undertaken environmental studies to define the availability of the specific location wind resource, the geology of the site ground, access routes, and grid connection requirements. Read more about the Project Example details here: On-shore Wind farm Simple Cashflow Model Example in Norway What is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR)? The internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric used in financial analysis to estimate the profitability of potential investments. IRR is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows equal to zero in a discounted cash flow analysis. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does. Keep in mind that IRR is not the actual dollar value of the project. It is the annual return that makes the NPV equal to zero. from Investopedia Enhancement of equity rate of return considered parameters As seen in Table 1, the loan grace period, gearing ratio, increase of PPA, and WTGs degradation factor were adjusted to potentially enhance the equity rate of return of the base model without compromising the bankability of the SPC. Financial parameters such as the grace period included a range of 2 to 4 years with the gearing ratio ranging from 75D/25E to 95D/5E. Technical parameters such as the WTG’s annual degradation factor ranged from 1.2% to 1.57% with the PPA ranging from the average value of 52.5 EUR/MWh (base model assumption) to the maximum value given of 60 EUR/MWh. Parameters of Equity IRR and minimum DSCR were assessed for every option with results shown in Figure 1. The enhancement of the Equity IRR of this example is based on the cash flow model below. Click the link to find out more and download for FREE the excel spreadsheet Enhancement of equity rate of return cash flow model results summary As seen in Figure 1, the equity IRR of all options has increased in a range of 2-18%. Option 3 has the highest Equity IRR with an increase of 18%. This could be justified due to the financial leverage of the high gearing ratio of 95D-5E. It could also be pointed out that a minimum DSCR of 1.25 suggests a strong bankable option. Nevertheless, it could be argued that when project finance is heavily dependent on debt, a change in loan interest rate could jeopardize the overall operations of the SPC. Comparing options 2 and 4, a difference of 4% on equity IRR and a more acceptable minimum DSCR (1.16 to 1.03) could be observed which suggests adjusting a lower WTG degradation factor and a higher PPA per year will improve shareholder profits. However, the degradation factor is a dependent variable on the cash flow of the project, as this is based solely on technology improvements in the industry and cannot be predicted. Overall, it could be seen that a grace period of 3 years (Option 1 and 3) has the best bankability for the project as well as having a minimum DSCR is an acceptable range. Furthermore, it should be also pointed out that the base model dividends to cash reserve ratio are at 90-10, which means increasing the dividends paid will subsequently increase shareholder’s return. However, by doing so, a higher risk is accrued if an unexpected maintenance cost is required. You may also find Useful: Wind Energy Overview 2022 Advantages and Disadvantages of an EPC Contractor in an SPC Green energy project (minority investor) Other parameters that affect the equity rate of return of the project It can be argued that a PPA agreement with the North Sea link could be arranged to provide energy to the UK at a higher price to increase revenues, however, recent market values suggest that the latest agreements of €48 (£41.61)/MWh, which is much lower than supplying energy to locals as assumed in the base model. Furthermore, a more in-depth debt sculpting could be carried out to reduce the interest payments and adjust the annual earnings and the DSCR to acceptable levels for the bankability of the project. Also, an increase in the year period of the cash flow will subsequently increase the equity return to investors as the loan is accounted for a 12-year tenor which is over in 14. A technical parameter that could also benefit the profitability is to maximize the efficiency of the farm by using higher capacity WTGs and standardizing proven design procedures to bring down the capital costs. Read more about the Cashflow Model here: On-shore Wind farm Simple Cashflow Model Example in Norway

What Uplift pressure means? An uplift pressure is any pressure exerted beneath a structure (e.g. A retaining wall) that has the potential to raise the structure higher relative to its surroundings. Most common uplift pressures come from water pressures present around the structure. Permitting flow through a permeable stratum will reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the water due to energy losses. However, some of this water will remain under any impermeable structure and produce forces vertically to the structure (see picture below). The excess pore water pressure remaining will produce an uplift beneath the structure and an uplift of the whole structure can occur. However, if the structure has sufficient deadweight or appropriate anchorage system ( Eurocode 7 check required) the uplift pressures will be balance and no failure will occur. How to calculate Uplift pressures. Calculating Uplift pressures is much easier than you thought Pore water pressure "u" is : u = γwH γw = Unit weight of water = 10 kN/m3 H = Height = in metres (m) Since pore water pressure acts equally in all directions ( hydrostatic pressure) uplift pressure equals the pore water pressure but at the underside of an impermeable structure. Uplift Water Pressure = Pore Water Pressure (kN/m2) Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice What does Eurocode 7 say about Uplift Pressure Failure Check? Example of a design for a Retaining Wall According to Eurocode 7 - BS EN 1997-1 (Part 1: General rules), at Section 6.5.2.1 Bearing Resistance: Where: Vd: Shall include the weight of the foundation, the weight of any backfill material and all earth pressures, either favourable or unfavourable. Rd: Soil Bearing Capacity calculated from the Geotechnical Investigation Report. You May Also Like: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained An arch dam is a concrete dam that is curved upstream in a plan. The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water against it. Advantages of the arch dame are... Read More...