if he were to give his 25-year-old self advice, Carlos Slim, the founder of Grupo Carso, would say to be practical and have clear and attainable goals. Slim was born on 28 January 1940, in Mexico City to Maronite Catholics from Lebanon. He went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 In 2010, Carlos Slim Helú grabbed the title of world’s richest man from Microsoft founder Bill Gates. The first and so far only person from a developing nation to top Forbes’ World Billionaires list. Quotes from Slim book " Richest Man: Carlos Slim In His Own Words Buy at Amazon 👉 https://amzn.to/2WgWZhs Though Slim was a civil engineering major, he also displayed an interest in economics. He took economics courses in Chile once he finished his engineering degree. Graduating as a civil engineering major, Slim has stated that his mathematical ability and his background of linear programming was a key factor in helping him gain an edge in the business world, especially when reading financial statements. Top Quotes of Carlos Slim Be optimistic, and not guided by your fears. Everything you do in your business must have a purpose to improve the business. You can only see that through the numbers. Make sure that you can measure the impact of your decisions. Don’t try to be and do everything yourself; rather, create alliances and partnerships with others. Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Early life 👶 Slim was born on 28 January 1940, in Mexico City, to parents both Maronite Christians from Lebanon. Slim always knew he wanted to be a businessman and began to develop his business and investment acumen at a young age. He received business lessons from his father Julián, who taught him finance, management and accounting, teaching him how to read financial statements as well as the importance of keeping accurate financial records, a practice that Slim carries on to this day. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice At the age of 11, Slim invested in a government savings bond that taught him about the concept of compound interest. He eventually saved every financial and business transaction he made into a personal ledger book which he keeps to this day. At the age of 12, he made his first stock purchase, by purchasing shares in a Mexican bank. By the age of 15, Slim had become a shareholder in Mexico's largest bank. At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his father's company. He went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming.

Introduction Construction projects can vary from very small local magnitude to large national dimensions with inherent features that make them complicated enterprises to run (e.g.HS2) characterised by high levels of complexity, uniqueness of works, uncertainty and extensive planning. Hereafter comes the role of the project manager which is responsible for the development and delivery of a project to the client’s requirements and specifications. As an established discipline, management of whole projects from client’s idea to funding coordination, project managers (PM) have the responsibility of control and delivery of the procurement, production, administration, design, construction and personnel management of projects. As defined by the Construction Industry Council (CIC) the primary purpose of project management is to add significant and specific value to the process of delivering construction projects (CIOB, 2014). London Heathrow Terminal 5, UK The BAA Heathrow Terminal 5 (T5) was designed to add 50% to the capacity of Heathrow and has been described as a complex multidisciplinary project with a peak monthly spend of £80 million. Completed in 2008, T5 used an innovative legal contract, the ‘T5 Agreement’ which in essence was a cost-reimbursable form of contract in which suppliers’ profits were ring-fenced and the client retains all the risk (Potts, 2008). By moving away from a lump-sum contract, BAA payments to contractors were based on meeting milestones set in that agreement as well as financial rewards of success due to project finishing on time and within budget was shared. Furthermore, by prioritising time and quality over cost, BAA decided to cover the costs when contractors made mistakes with the aim that they would be much more likely to own up quickly to the mistake and hence save money and time since all the risk was on the client’s side. The philosophy of this project was found successful since T5 finished on time and under the agreed budget (Potts, 2008). Further Reading High Speed 2, UK On the other hand, High Speed 2 has a less successful story. From an original budget of £32.7 billion set in 2012, current speculations of the Oakervee review expects the cost to be around £106 billion as shown in Figure below (Pratley, 2020). The Oakervee review stresses the need for altering the procurement and contracting model used to cut cost as well as reflect on ways to improve cost estimates at early stages where a better evaluation of cost and time should be considered (Oakervee, 2019).

by Khalad Bin Introduction Trusses are widely used in bridges, buildings, and other infrastructures. The function of a truss is to provide turgidity to the skeleton. A truss is an assembly of metallic elements (bars, rods, pipes, etc). The elements of a truss are interdependent and exert force on one another, to survive the external load and burden. A truss is used instead of RCC and concrete beams. Trusses are of different types with regard to their designs and shapes. Elements of Truss Almost all the trusses are made up of three fundamental components. The chord, the bottom, and the members. 1. Upper stringer in a truss is called the chord. 2. The lower stringer of the truss is called the bottom. 3. Members, also called struts are the bars, rods, and strips that connect the chord and bottom of the truss. Types of Trusses Basically, there are two types of truss on the basis of their design and working mechanism. Pitched Truss Parallel Chord Truss Pitched Truss: In a pitched truss, the chord (upper stringer) and bottom (the lower stringer) are not parallel. The chord of the truss is extended outward like an arch or a cone. The extended chord of the truss provides extra strength to the truss. The pitched trusses are used in constructing roofs of the buildings, especially in the area of snowfall. The cone-shaped roofs do not allow the snowfall to dump on the roof while making the snowfall slip down from the edges of the roof. Parallel Truss: A parallel truss is made up of the parallel chord and bottom. The chord and bottom run straight in a parallel path. Both the stringers (chord and bottom) are interconnected by means of struts (the connecting rods). If compared, the pitched trusses are stronger than the parallel truss. A parallel truss is generally used instead of girders and beams. Mixing both of the types the truss are further classified into the following types: Warren Truss Octet Truss Prat Truss Bowstring Truss King post Truss Lenticular Truss Town’s Lattice Truss Vierendeel Truss (1). Warren Truss: It is a very simple type of trusses, in which the truss members form a series of equilateral triangles. These are included in the category of the parallel truss. (2). Octet Truss: In this type of trusses, the truss members are made up of all equivalent equilateral triangles. This is a very complicated truss, in which each triangle is associated with the other in multi-dimensions. This type of truss is strongest as compared to the rest of the types. This type of trusses is designed with very high skill and is very difficult to understand. (3). Pratt Truss: In 1844, the engineers of the Boston railway track designed it. Two types of members are used in this truss. One is vertical and the other is a diagonal member. The two types of members consecutively, follow one another. The vertical members are for compression and the diagonal members are for responding tension. (4). Bowstring Truss: Bowing Strings are used in this type of trusses. The bowstrings act as an arch. These strings give extra turgidity to the truss. These were, first used in World War II. The need for such types of trusses was felt, the curved roof of aircraft was to be designed. (5). King post Truss: In this type of trusses, two angled members/struts support a vertical strut. It is very simple to design but frequently used truss. In this design, the vertical member/strut is called Kingpost. (6). Lenticular Truss: Lenticular Truss was, first time used in the Gaunless Railway bridge of Stockholm and Darlington in 1823. In this type, the chord and the bottom, are arched and connect with each other at both ends. (7). Town’s Lattice Truss: In these trusses, the inclined members are used which cross over one another at frequent points. An American architect “Itheal Town” designed it, this is why is known after his name.

by H. Larry Elman When you started your career as an engineer, what was your initial months like? Was it tough? Were you scared? I did like to hear how about your experience when you started out. Before entering MIT, I had a small amount of technical job experience. In 1st Term Sophmore I was required to design an entire aircraft, from the proverbial “clean sheet of paper.” A few months later, I took student employment as a wind tunnel test technician on a real wind tunnel -- we had the trans-sonic and supersonic performance tests of the actual B-70 (small steel model). I chose “Coop" which meant overload and Summer School BUT 6 months hands-on as a Junior Engineer at Douglas Aircraft Flight Test Division…..AS A JUNIOR ENGINEER ON THE FLIGHT TEST TEAM FOR THE DC-8 JET AIRLINER, 1958. I was NOT scared; it was NOT tough. Interesting. At times trivial, but at times challenging. Just a job. But notice how carefully I had been groomed for it. However, there was one incident which defined much of my career and reputation from age 18 or 19 on. All major aircraft components were tested to failure in the lab in “Environmental Chambers.” That is engineer talk for “run the equipment to destruction while it is inside (alternately) huge stoves or huge refrigerators.” One day I was to assist a very senior hydraulics specialist engineer. We entered the chamber and I noticed a drain hole directly below the flap actuator we were testing. The other side of that drain was a rubber hose leading to AND THROUGH the chamber wall. I looked outside - that rubber hose lay on the ground beneath the chair and table where someone was to be stationed to take notes. I suggested that the hose needed to lead elsewhere and be restrained. I got told that I was too junior to be allowed an opinion. An older technician politely explained to the high ranking hydraulics specialist that my comment was valid and company safety regs were being violated. The hydraulics specialist uttered some remarks about how the labour union sabotaged company schedules and how all techies needed to be fired. When everybody calmed down, His Royal Ass stationed ME directly over the still unrestrained rubber hose. I demanded the hose be tied down. Someone from the Union, someone from Safety, His Royal Hydraulics Expert, the most senior Techie -- all went into conference, and a tie-down was arranged. The final 3 feet of it was an aluminium tube which His Royalty bent BY HAND to aim at the feet of whoever was to be taking data. Even with all this, things escalated and I was amazed at how many profane exclamations I could utter while retaining a calm voice and a coherent description of TEST STAND SAFETY. He replied with distinct threats of my being fired. I inquired about the marital status of several generations of his forebears and told him I would be at my desk in the office. I left. I was at my desk, Marks Handbook was opened to the Hydraulics Testing Chapter, and the Douglas Flight Test Safety Handbook was beside it. A fairly senior manager came over and asked what I was doing. I BSed that I was so snowed by the brilliance of the hydraulics guy that I had to come up and read a textbook. Just after he walked away, a siren went off -- the siren indicating major injuries on a test stand. The manager went RUNNING by. Remember the hand-bent aluminum pipe attached to the end of the drain hose? When the flap actuator failed in that first test run, 3000 psi hydraulic pressure went directly into the drain hose and STRAIGHTENED OUT the aluminum pipe…..DIRECTLY into the crotch of the hydraulics engineer who had ordered ME to stand RIGHT THERE and take data. The high-pressure hydraulic fluid was at VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE. He was out on sick leave for quite some time. The high manager? After things calmed down, he came over to my desk and made some sarcastic remarks about my reading Marks Handbook. They were more sardonic than critical, and my leaving my “assigned location" never came up. My careful attention to SAFETY and my reputation on that issue began there. Do you have a question/story about career advice ? Submit it here and get it published on our site

A column is a structural element that transfers the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below through compression. Column history goes back to the Ancient Egyptians where stoned columns were firstly constructed Nowadays most of the columns are made of a combination of concrete and steel ( reinforced concrete) Three main failure mode of concrete columns are Buckling, Pure Compression and Shear. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 1.Buckling: Slender structural members loaded axially in compression will experience buckling. A relatively slender compression member (e.g. a column) may deflect laterally and fail by bending rather than failing by direct compression. The behaviour can be demonstrated by compressing a plastic ruler. When lateral bending occurs, we can say that the column has buckled. Buckling is one of the major causes of failures in structures, and therefore the possibility of buckling should always be considered in the design. Are you a student? Join the SI Platform now Submit your work 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥 Definition of Bending Moment A bending moment (BM) is a measure of the bending effect that can occur when an external force (or moment) is applied to a structural element that causes the element to deform and bend. This concept is important in structural engineering as it is can be used to calculate where, and how much bending may occur when forces are applied determining the maximum deformation a structural member will undergo. A simple way to visualise bending moment is a diagram of a simply supported beam which means both ends of the beam can rotate and hence there is no bending moment at those locations. The diagram below shows that maximum bending moment is governed in the mid-span of this simply supported beam and maximum shear occurs at the supports. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students SI's Choice 2.Pure Compression: Compression is one of the fundamental mechanics of deformable bodies. DEFINITION: compression /kəmˈprɛʃ(ə)n/ noun the action of compressing or being compressed. the reduction in volume (causing an increase in pressure) of the fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine before ignition. The axial force P acting at the cross-section is the resultant of the continuously distributed stresses. Elements that are pushed together or carry a load, that tend to compress, the forces are called compressive stress. 3.Shear: Tension is about pulling and compression is about pushing, then shear is about SLIDING. Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. Shear strain = angle through which material is distorted as a result of shear stress N. William A. Nash defines shear force in terms of planes: "If a plane is passed through a body, a force acting along this plane is called a shear force or shearing force." Sources: Wikipedia , Mechanics of Materials , Structures , designingbuildingsWiki If you want to better understand these concepts we would recommend this book. Structures OR WHY THINGS DONT FALL DOWN, J. E. Gordon Key features 🌉🏢 Main Topics: General understanding of Structures Content Summary: Compression and bending structures, Tension structures, The difficult birth of the science of elasticity. BUY at Amazon here: https://amzn.to/2YKQsx4 This book is ideal for someone that is considering studying civil engineering. The book provides a fundamental understanding of basic concepts and explains the history behind the complex formulas used in solid mechanics. It is for anyone who has wondered why suspension bridges don't collapse under eight lanes of traffic, how dams hold back thousands of gallons of water, or what principles guide the design of skyscraper. Suggested by Elon Musk: When Musk started SpaceX, he was coming from a coding background. But he took it upon himself to learn the fundamentals of rocket science. "It is really, really good if you want a primer on structural design," Musk said in an interview with KCRW, a Southern California radio station. You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

A hydraulic jump 🌊 is a phenomenon that is frequently observed in open channels such as rivers, canals, spillways and weirs and is engineered for purposes of dissipating excess amounts of energy. A hydraulic jump is formed when high-velocity liquid flow is discharged into a zone of lower velocity, creating an abrupt increase in depth hence, dissipating huge amounts of energy ⚡️. This energy is the alteration of the flow’s initial kinetic energy to potential energy with some energy lost unavoidably in the form of friction, turbulence, eddying, heat and noise in the process. The distinctive behaviour of supercritical flow and sub-critical flow is analysed to the extent of understanding the reason for the formation of the hydraulic jump. Moreover, the parameter of the Froude number (Fr) is very useful towards the understanding of the occurrence of energy dissipation and the creation of the hydraulic jump. Conservation equations such as mass, linear momentum, Froude number and energy are used to investigate and detail analyse the flow of open-channel. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice PRINCIPLES 📚 In 1914, Raleigh calculated the change in fluid depth associated with the shock wave from a hydraulic jump and introduced the principles of continuity and conservation of momentum. To better understand the hydraulic jump an understanding of the Froude Number should be made. In simplification, Fr number is a dimensionless quantity that is an indicator of resistance of objects moving in the water and hence the type of the water flow can be defined. In order to have a hydraulic jump, the Froude number needs to be greater than or equal to 1 which can be defined as Super-critical flow (Fr>1) or critical flow (Fr=1) respectively. Are you a student? Join the SI Platform now Submit your work 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥 As shown in figure1 the hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high velocity (V1) discharges into a zone of lower velocity (V2). This sudden change in velocity creates an abrupt increase in depth which is typically accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment and surface undulations which contribute to the inevitable loss of energy E of the flow. V1 is the supercritical flow and it occurs at depths below the critical depth which is the depth at the point of minimum energy. Whereas, V2 is known as sub-critical flow and occurs above the critical depth. Weak (Undular) jump (1 < Fr1 < 2.5) 💪 Oscillating jump (2.5 < Fr1 < 4.5) 💪💪 Steady Jump (4.5 < Fr1 < 9) 💪💪💪 Strong jump (Fr1 > 9) 💪💪💪💪💪 Visit Structures Insider Engineering to find more ENGINEERING USES 🛠 The most common use of hydraulic jumps is the dam's spillways. The hydraulic jump is used to dissipate large quantities of energy. The reason for this energy dissipation is due to some factors: To decelerate the excess kinetic energy of the liquid so to not damage the structure of the dam and cause failure. It prevents the erosion of the downstream dam surface since the velocity is lowered. Hydraulic jumps are ideal for the mixing of chemicals for water purification and treatment plans purposes. Additionally, because of the high turbulent flow, the phenomenon of air entrainment is observed which is useful for removing waste and pollution from the flowing river. A Book that may help Mechanics of Fluids, Bernard Massey Key features 🌊 Main Topics: Fundamental Knowledge of Fluid Mechanics. Content Summary: Viscosity, Bernoulli's equation, Fluids in Motion, Flow with a Free Surface, Laminar Flow, The Momentum Equation... BUY at Amazon here: https://amz37AcRBzn.to/ "It is a book for engineers rather than mathematicians" The book introduces the basic principles of fluid mechanics in a detailed and clear manner. This bestselling textbook provides the sound physical understanding of fluid flow that is essential for an honours degree course in civil or mechanical engineering as well as courses in aeronautical and chemical engineering. Focusing on the engineering applications of fluid flow, rather than mathematical techniques, students are gradually introduced to the subject, with the text moving from the simple to the complex, and from the familiar to the unfamiliar. SI units are used throughout and there are many worked examples. You May Also Like: REFERENCES · Douglas, J. (2011). Fluid mechanics. Harlow: Prentice Hall, pp.547-550. · Aboutcivil.org. (2019). Hydraulic Jump - Calculation, Effects & Applications of Hydraulic Jump. [online] Available at: https://www.aboutcivil.org/hydraulic-jump-calculations-effects-applications.html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019]. · Aboutcivil.org. (2019). Hydraulic Jump - Calculation, Effects & Applications of Hydraulic Jump. [online] Available at: https://www.aboutcivil.org/hydraulic-jump-calculations-effects-applications.html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019]. · The Constructor. (2019). Hydraulic Jump -Types and Characteristics of Hydraulic Jump. [online] Available at: https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/hydraulic-jump-types-characteristics/12091/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

What does Buckling mean? Buckling is one of the major causes of failures in structures and particularly in slender columns. Buckling is caused by the failure in compression due to the material strength and stiffness properties but also from instability and geometric failure. Buckling is the sudden change in the shape of a structural component under loads such as the bowing of a column under compression or the wrinkling of a plate under shear. A member is said to have buckled when the structure suddenly changes shape. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The transition between stable and unstable conditions happens at a value called " critical buckling load "( Pcr ) which can be calculated using Euler’s Formula. Where: Pcr = Critical Buckling load 𝐸 = Elastic Modulus 𝐼 = least second moment of area (I=bd3/12) Stated that 𝐸 and 𝐼 are material constants, the linear relationship between the length and critical load can be found. Stable, Unstable and Neutral Equilibrium Stable Equilibrium ( 0 < P < Pcr ) When an axial load is less than the critical load and the geometry of the strut is straight 𝜃=0. Unstable Equilibrium (P > Pcr ) When an axial load is greater than the critical load. Nevertheless, the structure is still in equilibrium if the angle is kept to 0 degrees (𝜃 = 0). However, the strut is unstable and cannot maintain its stability therefore by the slightest disturbance, the strut will buckle and fail. Neutral Equilibrium (P = Pcr ) When an axial load is equal to the critical load the strut is neither stable nor unstable, it is at the peak of stability and instability. That been said the structure can handle small angles without buckling. Different Support Reactions Effects The conditions of the support reactions influence the buckling of a material. As shown above, the effective length is at a maximum (2L) when there are no support reactions placed to the strut. Therefore, we can evaluate that the number of support reactions has a relationship to the buckling displacement of the strut. Buckling due to compression can be observed by comparing it to the sin curve elongations. The strut tends to buckle in the centre of its length. By looking at the data collected in a laboratory test the theoretical buckling load is higher than the experimental and this is due to the material imperfection but also due to the different support reactions that can create different displacement of the strut (buckling). Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students SI reccomended Are you a student? Join the SI Platform now Submit your work 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥 A conclusion for your Lab Report To conclude, the experiment showed the linearity between load and length. The data obtained indicate that the longer struts were experiencing a lower buckling load than the shorter struts. Both of them had the same material properties so due to the length of the strut the buckling values vary. Linear elastic behaviour is shown of the material as the graph logP vs logL is plotted. The evaluation is that by decreasing length and increasing the cross-section of the strunt, critical buckling load is higher making the material to resist to buckling at higher loads applied. A linear relationship is shown on the graph You May Also Find Useful: The difference between Buckling, Compression & Shear Tension is about pulling and compression is about pushing, then shear is about sliding. When lateral bending occurs, we can say that the column has experienced buckling. Read More...

The Top 225 firms generated $64.59 billion - 💰 in design revenue in 2017 from projects outside their home countries, up just 0.7% from $64.11 billion in 2016. This comes after five straight years of declining revenue for the Top 225. Further, the Top 225 had $79.47 billion - 💰 in revenue from domestic projects in 2017, up a paltry 0.2% from $79.30 billion in 2016. According to ENR (Engineering News-Record) research and analysis, consulting companies from all over the world were rank from 1-100. 👉Visit SI Archives for more insides 👈 5.CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD., Beijing, China Website: http://en.ccccltd.cn/ China Communications Construction Company, Ltd. (CCCC) is a publicly-traded, multinational engineering and construction company primarily engaged in the design, construction and operation of infrastructure assets, including highways, bridges, tunnels, railways (especially high-speed rail), subways, airports, and marine ports. Revenue: US$70 billion Project Hydraulic Structure Project of Daya Bay and Ling'ao Nuclear Power Station The phase II marine structure project of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station in Guangdong Province consists of one gravity-unloading quay with a length of 157.25m and water depth of -8.2m, 550m quay road, six breakwaters with total length of 2000m, 1150m water inlet and drainage channel, reef explosion, harbour basin, navigation channel dredging, etc. 4.CHINA ENERGY CORP. LTD., Beijing, China Website: http://en.ceec.net.cn/ China Energy Engineering Corporation or Energy China (CEEC, 中国能源建设), is a Chinese state-owned energy conglomerate, with headquarters in Chaoyang District, Beijing. The conglomerate was established on September 29, 2011, with the approval of the State Council of China. It is under the direct supervision of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC). Employees: 129,929 Revenue: $34 176 million Project Utility Tunnel and Sponge City 3.AECOM, U.S.A. Employees: 87 000 Revenue: $18 billion AECOM is a global network of experts working with clients, communities and colleagues to develop and implement innovative solutions to the world’s most complex challenges. Delivering clean water and energy. Building iconic skyscrapers. Planning new cities. Restoring damaged environments. Connecting people and economies with roads, bridges, tunnels and transit systems. Designing parks where children play. Helping governments maintain stability and security. We connect expertise across services, markets, and geographies to deliver transformative outcomes. Worldwide, we design, build, finance, operate and manage projects and programs that unlock opportunities, protect our environment and improve people’s lives. Imagine it. Delivered. Website: https://www.aecom.com/us/?utm_source=united_states&utm_campaign=location_dropdown Project Autzen Stadium – University of Oregon Recommended to you : Review: Recently I have had my CV reviewed on one on the online websites and it was not the best suggesting a lot of changes and offering me their services to rewrite it of course. This book is easy to read, includes great examples, flexible for different types and years of experience, also covers a variety of jobs. Also includes guidance on cover letters, which is a plus. Review: Goes beyond the usual staid advice... Expertly written with tons of helpful advice, this is a thoroughly researched guide to getting the most from your CV - and your career --Management Today A CV book has to stand out from the crowd... has to impress with its good sense, its insight and its practicality. This one does. --The Daily Express 2.POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA, Beijing, China website: http://www.powerchina.cn/ Power Construction Corporation of China, Ltd provides electric utility line construction services. The Company develops and constructs hydropower engineering, waterworks engineering, thermal power engineering, new energy engineering, and other projects. Power Construction China also operates property development. Employees: 132 266 Revenue: USD 43.6 billion 1.JACOBS, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A The world needs innovators and problem solvers who turn challenges into greater opportunities. We have an insatiable curiosity about transformative trends challenging the status quo: Urbanization. Water scarcity. Climate change. Digital proliferation. Security. website: https://www.jacobs.com/ Jacobs delivers highly valued solutions for there clients by applying an unrivalled depth and breadth of capabilities: Industry-leading design advanced sciences Digital technologies Big data analytics Program- and construction-management disciplines Operations and facilities management services Project How Singapore Turned its Water Woes into a NEWater Model Water scarcity is not a new phenomenon; historical records note water shortages dating as far back as the 1800s and since there’s no new water on Earth, we’re drinking the same water dinosaurs did. What if we showed you how Jacobs and Singapore’s PUB turned water scarcity into international successes with an innovative water reuse strategy? You can find the full list here Join the SI Platform now Submit your article 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra contains numerous architectural monuments, ranging from: bell towers cathedrals cave systems strong stone fortification walls. The main attractions of the Lavra include the Great Lavra Belltower, and the Dormition Cathedral, destroyed in World War II, and fully reconstructed in recent years. Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1051, the Lavra has been a preeminent centre of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. It is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The monastery complex is considered a separate national historic-cultural preserve (sanctuary), the national status to which was granted on 13 March 1996. While being a cultural attraction, the monastery is once again active, with over 100 monks in residence. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on 21 August 2007, based on voting by experts and the internet community. Fast Facts: Architect: Theodosius of Kiev, Anthony of Kiev Style: Ukrainian Baroque Years built: 1051 Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

QUESTION OF THE WEEK Twin's Towers of Malaysia has the world's deepest foundations. Which is situated in Kaula— Lampur Malaysia. The depth of its foundations is 120m ( i.e. 400ft approx ). On the purposed site of Twin's Towers of Malaysia, the available on top was black cotton soil. Usually, no civil engineering structures are constructed over this without any improvement made within this soil. It's is because of following two majors reasons : First of all the bearing capacity of this soil is very small due to the presence of or organic matter in high content. Black cotton soil swells and shrinks when comes in contact with water due to the presence of a chemical compound called Montmorillonite. Which could lead to the failure of foundations. The major role played for this much depth of foundations for Twins Towers of Malaysia was the Black cotton soil and another one was the unavailability of sound soil strata that could bear the massive load of the tower coming upon it.

The pandemic has imposed various changes in people lives, the way business, economy and especially travel is conducted mainly due to travel restrictions and ‘stay at home’ policies. COVID-19 had a major impact on socio-cultural behaviour, where features of home working, homeschooling, retail choices and travel choices from a local and international scale will be understudy to better understand future demand and evaluate the future of transport. A closer look at the report of Wave 4 of the National Travel Attitudes Study (NTAS, 2021) where 5,299 people completed surveys in the periods of May to July (sample 1) and August to September (sample 2) 2020 indicated a dramatic decrease in demand of trips made compared to 2019 data as shown in Table below. A significant decrease in sample 1 of 87%, 79% and 69% of a trip made for the reason of eating or drinking, shopping for things and commuting to work was seen accordingly (NTAS, 2021). Furthermore, a trend of different modal choice is seen due to the implications of the pandemic restrictions and social distancing measures. Also, when asked about their concern about their health using the modes shown in Figure 2 and 3, users consider the use of a car, bicycle and walking as the preferred modes with a low percentage of concern. On the other hand, public transport gained much more scrutiny with the highest share of 90-91% respondents expressed their concern about using the London Underground through periods of sample 1 and 2 (NTAS, 2021). When users were asked about their mode choice before and after the pandemic intensified an average of 80% reported a fall in use of public transport in modes such as buses, trains and trams, taxi as seen in Figures 4. As the data indicates, a big reduction in public transport and a big uncertainty of the travel market full recovery to previous levels post-covid is evident. As anticipated in Mott Macdonald’s Report, an opportunity to re-imagine a more centralised public transport system, focused on core services maintained to ensure long-term commercial viability is present. A long-term reduction of travel demand will influence challenges of the need inbuilt of major infrastructure investments such as HS2 where an increase in the rail network capacity will be not required with arguments of cost better spend on the economic recovery. Future demand modelling should invest in the public transport infrastructure and reassure users of the safety to travel as normal by applying protocols preventing virus transmissions. Moreover, the popularity of the use of private modes of transport for long-distance trips is growing and hence a reduction in public transport should be accounted into future demand models. As seen in Figure 5 scenarios of increased car use and reduced public transport use is possible as well as the reverse. In my opinion, emphasis on improving public transport should be adopted by adjusting demand models, hence promoting public/shared transport through redefining modal split and trip generations in a post-covid era where technology (e.g. e-commerce) will be of a big influence on the number of trips users make. Do you have a question regarding Civil Engineering? Submit it here and we may write about it

General Informationℹ️ Type of structure: Doric peripteral temple. Location: north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill Construction dates: 449 BC - 415 BC Named after: Athenian hero Theseus It is one of the best-preserved ancient temples, partly because it was transformed into a Christian church. Dimensions: 13.71 m x 31.78 m For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives History of the Temple 📑 It was dedicated to Hephaestus, the ancient god of fire and Athena, goddess of pottery and crafts. After the battle of Plataea, the Greeks swore never to rebuild their sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians during their invasion of Greece, but to leave them in ruins, as a perpetual reminder of the war. The Athenians directed their funds towards rebuilding their economy and strengthening their influence in the Delian League. When Pericles came to power, he envisioned a grand plan for transforming Athens into the centre of Greek power and culture. Around AD 700, the temple was turned into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George. Exactly when the temple was converted to a Christian church remains unknown. There are assumptions however that this possibly occurred in the 7th century. When Athens became the official capital of Greece in 1834, the publication of the relevant royal edict was made in this temple that was the place of the last public turnout of the Athenians. It was used as a burial place for non-Orthodox Europeans in the 19th century, among whom were many philhellenes who gave their lives in the cause of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830). In 1834, the first King of Greece, Otto I, was officially welcomed there. Otto ordered the building to be used as a museum, in which capacity it remained until 1934 when it reverted to its status of an ancient monument and extensive archaeological research was allowed. 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice TIME-PRICE-FUN for more information visit: https://www.introducingathens.com/ancient-agora More About Your EUROPE tour Santa Justa Lift in Lisbon inspired by Eiffel | Structures Insider 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedral A bit about Theseus Theseus was the mythical king and founder-hero of Athens. Like Perseus, Cadmus, or Heracles, Theseus battled and overcame foes that were identified with an archaic religious and social order. His role in history has been called "a major cultural transition, like the making of the new Olympia by Hercules". The Athenians regarded Theseus as a great reformer; his name comes from the same root as θεσμός (thesmos), Greek for "rule" or "precept". The myths surrounding Theseus—his journeys, exploits, and friends—have provided material for fiction throughout the ages. Theseus was responsible for the synoikismos ('dwelling together')—the political unification of Attica under Athens—represented emblematically in his journey of labours, subduing ogres and monstrous beasts. Architecture 🏢 The temple is built of marble from the nearby Mt. Penteli, excepting the bottom step of the krepis or platform. The architectural sculpture is in both Pentelic and Parian marble. The dimensions of the temple are 13.71 m north to south and 31.78 m east to west, with six columns on the short east and west sides and thirteen columns along the longer north and south sides (with each of the four corner columns being counted twice). The building has a pronaos, a cella housing cult images at the centre of the structure, and an opisthodomos. The alignment of the antae of the pronaos with the third flank columns of the peristyle is a design element unique middle of the 5th century BC. There is also an inner Doric colonnade with five columns on the north and south side and three across the end (with the corner columns counting twice). What People are saying on TripAdvisor Sources: Tripadvisor, study.com, Wikipedia.com