Post from: Lochan Yadav What is Bituminous Road The bituminous road consists of their surface with bituminous materials which is also called as Asphalt. It is a sticky dark viscous liquid obtained from natural deposits like crude petroleum. Different Types of Bituminous Surfaces 1.Prime Coat : It is the first application of low viscosity liquid bituminous material over an existing porous surface like WBM base course. The main object of priming is to plug in the capillary voids of the porous surface using a low viscosity binding material. Mainly SC or MC cutbacks are the suitable grades chosen on the porosity of the surface. Functions : The most important function is to improve the adhesion between the existing previous base and wearing surface. To bind the dust and loose particles together to form a hard and tough surface. It provides a temporary seal to prevent the surface water from penetrating through the surface. 2.Tack Coat : The application of bituminous material over an existing impervious pavement surface which has already been treated by a prime coat. Tack coat is generally of higher viscosity at the rate of kg/10m2 depends on the type of surface. Functions: It is provided to improve the adequate bond between the existing impervious base and wearing surface. 3.Seal Coat: Seal coat is mainly applied on the impervious surface of bituminous pavements as a topcoat. A pre-mixed sand bitumen (hot mix) seal coat is commonly used over the premixed carpet. The main function of the seal coat is to seal against the ingress of water and to develop skid resistance texture. Functions: To provide a watertight surface. It improves visibility at night and develops a skid-resistant texture. To improve the wearing resistance of an existing road surface. 4.Surface Dressing : It is the process in which two or more coats of bituminous materials are applied to a prepared base. This coat consists of bituminous binders sprayed on which chipped aggregates are properly rolled. Functions : It prevents the removal of binding material & prevents the damage of road due to waterproofing effects. Roads can be easily cleaned & washed as it reduces dust nuisance. A smooth surface of the road reduces the wear and tear of tyres.

By: Brian Hval Why are US houses in hurricane risk areas not built to withstand them? I understand the argument about using local resources (timber vs brick) but why are do building codes not insist on stronger structures that can withstand strong winds? But codes do insist! Engineers constantly evaluate the need for building stronger and safer structures to resist hurricanes and other extreme wind events. But these structures also need to be economically practical. Past experience forms the foundation of all building codes. There are mandatory requirements for residential construction permits (and associated framing inspections). But codes change with time as more severe weather occurs or better construction methods evolve. A lot of lessons were learned from Hurricanes Andrew and more recently Maria. And building requirements updated accordingly! Jurisdictions have found that for a small percent increase in cost, homes can easily be made stronger. They are more likely to survive high wind events with little or no damage: Wind extremes such as hurricanes Earthquakes Fires such as wildfires The insurance industry has found small inexpensive changes in design details can greatly strengthen building structures. Stronger homes are more damage resistant. Less damage means smaller claims. Lower claims mean lower premiums. A big cost-benefit to the homeowner that quickly pays for the small cost of improving the structure. Some examples: Anchor bolts - spaced evenly around the house perimeter. These tie a wood frame securely to a concrete foundation. Hurricane clips - metal reinforced roof joists resist the roof peeling off during a wind event. Very simple structural shapes securely connect roof trusses to the framing of the building walls. Concrete or metal siding - dramatically increase fire resistance as opposed to wood which catches fire or even fire-resistant vinyl which melts! Metal roofing - improves both wind and fire resistance. In very windy areas the metal roofs are double screwed to prevent them from lifting off the plywood sheathing below. A good example of how building requirements change from lessons learned comes from the notorious violent winds which can sweep through the Crowsnest Pass in Alberta Canada. A few years ago a wind storm destroyed a trailer park. The wind rolled the trailers over and over until the entire community was piled up in a huge heap of tin. The loss was staggering even for those who were insured. This loss triggered a requirement for all mobile homes to be securely chained from the steel frame to a concrete slab poured beneath the home. None have blown away since. Building standards specify the minimum requirements. Homeowners may choose to exceed these standards. For some, this gives greater peace of mind and may well be worth the extra cost of building it stronger. But before building it better, check with your local building permit office to make sure they understand what you are trying to do. That way the inspectors and you will be on the same page. No one wants a surprise that may require you to make further costly changes to your dream castle! Author:Brian Hval

The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes publicly held companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. Find below the most stunning and futuristic headquarters among the top 500 companies on the list of Fortune magazine. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 ExxonMobil: Houston Campus Energy Centre ExxonMobil's state-of-the-art campus north of Houston serves as home to its Upstream, Downstream, Chemicals and XTO Energy companies and their associated service groups. The facility opened in 2014 and accommodates more than 10,000 employees and visitors. Apple: Apple Park Cupertino, California Nicknamed ‘the spaceship’ because of the scale of the circular building, it measures 1 mile in circumference, with a diameter of 461 m (1,512 ft). Designed by Norman Foster and engineered by ARUP it can accommodate 14,200 parking spaces and more than 12,000 staff Amazon: Amazon Spheres, Settle The latest addition to Amazon’s is the $4 billion Seattle headquarters. The Spheres, three conjoined glass bubbles that seem to have alighted among the downtown office towers, provide the company’s employees with their very own cloud forest. Five levels of unorthodox workspaces—from a treehouse meeting room, complete with bouncy bridge, to deck chair recliners that imply their own pool—climb through a lush green habitat of more than 40,000 plants, including two densely verdant living walls, a forty-foot-high Australian tree fern, and an 18-ton ficus named Rubi. Source: Architectural Record Drop us a question in Quora What is Quora?: Quora is a question-and-answer website where questions are asked, answered, and edited by Internet users, either factually, or in the form of opinions. AT&T: AT&T Tower (Minneapolis) Rising 33 stories and marking the downtown Minneapolis skyline, the AT&T Tower is the third and final phase of Ryan’s International Centre development. Featuring green and silver reflective glass, it is a dramatic complement to International Centre I and II, which reside next door. Elaborate atriums, skyways and three levels of heated underground parking intimately link the AT&T Tower with its companion towers. A sense of community and an effective master critical path schedule made it possible to complete this project a month ahead of schedule. With its high-quality assets and amenities, and sustainable, money-saving design features, AT&T Tower is an attractive building for both tenants and investors. Source: www.ryancompanies.com

Structure review Saint Isaac's Cathedral General Info 📚 Location: Saint Isaac's Square 4, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 🇷🇺 Style: Late Neoclassical, Byzantine and Greek Years of construction: 1818 to 1858, 40 years Construction cost: 1 000 000 gold rubles Total height: 101.52 m Entrance to the cathedral: 250 rubles (it’s free for children under 7 years old, while children and young people from 7 to 18 years old must pay 50 rubles). Design 🏗 It is the largest Orthodox cathedral in St. Petersburg – and the 4th largest in the world! (The tallest one is the People's Salvation Cathedral in Bucharest, Romania.) The temple has a volume of 260 000 m3 and dimensions of 111.3 m x 97.6 m. Designed and constructed by a French classicist architect Auguste de Montferrand. Emperor Nicholas, I personally oversaw its construction, showing the importance of this grand project. During the construction, Montferrand almost got killed (in November 1837), when the workers were lifting 64-ton dome columns to their full height. The architect fell from the scaffolds, but, luckily, nearby workers managed to catch him. The scaffolding was made by Spanish engineer Agustin de Betancourt and the works were extended until 1858. Auguste de Montferrand died just one month after the construction was completed. That was his last and, probably, the greatest creation... During the construction in 1818, to ensure that the cathedral's structure will not sink and collapse into the fenland of Saint Petersburg, 25,000 piles were driven to strengthen the foundations of the structure. The costs of the foundations rose to 2.5 million rubles, which at the time made the cathedral the most expensive temple in Europe. The cathedral's interior, on the other hand, was decorated with about 400kg of gold. History 📑 Under the Soviet government, the building was stripped of religious trappings. In 1931, it was turned into the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, the dove sculpture was removed, and replaced by a Foucault pendulum. In 1937, the museum was transformed into the museum of the cathedral that you visit nowadays. During World War II, the dome was painted over in grey to avoid attracting attention from enemy aircraft. On its top, in the skylight, a geodesical intersection point was placed, to determine the positions of German artillery batteries. SOURCE russiable , TravMedia

General Information ℹ️ Location: Batalha, Portugal, 🌎 39°39′33″N 8°49′34″W Architect: Afonso Domingues Style: Late gothic, Manueline architecture Construction Dates: 1386-1530 (completely finished in 1907) Batalha Monastery was to be the Portuguese monarchy's main building project for the next two centuries. Here a highly original, national Gothic style evolved, profoundly influenced by Manueline art, as demonstrated by its masterpiece, the Royal Cloister. King John, ordered the construction to begin in 1386 and it continued for more than 100 years until the 1530s when King John III decided to focus efforts on the construction of the Jeronimos Monastery, built to commemorate Portugal’s role during the Age of Discoveries. Left practically abandoned, it was then nearly ruined during the Napoleonic Wars of the 1800s. Only in 1840 did Portugal’s King Fernando II decide to restore and complete the monastery, which was finally finished in 1907. The Royal Cloister is cloister was not part of the original project. It was built under the architect Fernão de Évora between 1448 and 1477. Its sober outward appearance is in stark contrast with the Flamboyant Gothic style of the church Buy a Poster of the ROYAL CLOISTER on Amazon here Many architects had their hands in the design and structure of the Batalha Monastery and it is considered a precious Gothic treasure showcasing various styles. It is also one of the most significant examples of Manueline architecture, a Portuguese style developed during the Age of Discoveries. The Royal Cluster is one of the most prominent examples in the monastery of this latter style. "MOSTEIRO DA BATALHA floor plan. Portugal mapa - 1913 - old antique vintage map - printed map s of Portugal" RECCOMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU...

🏆 SI's STRUCTURE OF THE YEAR 2020 🏆 General Info📚 Location: Daxing, Beijing&Guangyang, Langfang(Hebei) 🇨🇳 Construction Period: 26 December 2014 - 25 September 2019 Total Passenger capacity: 3,138,000 🧍‍♂️🧍‍♂️ Airport Master Plan: NACO (Netherlands Airport Consultants) Architects: Zaha Hadid Architects 🇬🇧 & Planner ADPI 🇫🇷 Facade Designer: XinShan Curtainwall and Beijing Institute of Architectural Design Project cost: US$17 billion 💵 ‼️ Construction chief engineer: Guo Yanchi 👷🏻‍♂️ Building Area: 700.000m² Technologies implemented: The entire airport has 5G access and uses facial recognition technology for check-ins 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 As per AD : "The terminal layouts minimize the walking distances between check-in and gate, and also the distances between gates for transferring passengers, to a maximum of eight minutes by foot," says Cristiano Ceccato, ZHA's project director for the Beijing Daxing airport. A project to create the world’s largest airport terminal. A series of key technologies were proposed during the design to realise a fantastic architectural effect. These included a supporting system mainly composed of C-shaped columns, seismic-isolation system of a gigantic planar structure, and vibration control techniques for the high-speed railway passing through the terminal. The rooftop, which allows in ample natural sunlight, also has supporting beams that move constantly through space, acting like lines toward the central courtyard. This, once more, was intentionally done to assist passengers in their navigation of the busy airport. International and domestic passengers are stacked on different levels hence spreading the areas vertically making the airport more crowd efficient and enable a more congestion-free space for passengers. "Transferring passengers only need to walk a short distance to the center of the airport, then quickly and efficiently funnel themselves to any other of the four legs in the airport. How many runways does Daxing airport have? For the time being, Daxing Airport has four runways and 79 airport stands. The 4 runways’ size is impressive while the airport stands are suitable both for one twin-aisle and two single-aisle planes. Eventually, the airport will have 7 runways in total and will be able to serve about 620.000 flights annually. How much did the Daxing Airport Cost? Built-in less than five years at a cost of 120 billion yuan ($17 billion), the airport is roughly the size of 100 football fields. How big is Daxing airport? The gigantic Daxing airport, with the impressive shape which has given it the nickname “Starfish”, has enormous dimensions. There are currently 4 runways (with the prospect of becoming 7 in the future) and a vast terminal building covering a 700.000m² area while the ground transportation centre extends to 80.000m². Sources: daxing-pkx-airport.com, istructe.org, archdaily

General Info 📚 Location: Prague, 🇨🇿 Construction dates: 1992-1996 Architects: Croatian-Czech architect Vlado Milunić in cooperation with Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry on a vacant riverfront plot. Awards: The Dancing House won Time Magazine's design contest in 1997. The Dancing House was also named one of the 5 most important buildings in the 1990s by Architekt Magazine. For more stories visit Structure’s Insider HomePage Design 🏗 The inspirations for the design were the dancers Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Astaire is represented by a concrete cylinder with pop-out windows topped with a bird’s nest-shaped mesh sculpture. Rogers is represented by a billowing glass structure that curves away from Astaire with spindly concrete legs fixed to the pavement. The "Dancing House" is set on a property of great historical significance. Its site was the location of a house destroyed by the U.S. bombing of Prague in 1945 The style is known as deconstructivist ("new-baroque" to the designers) architecture due to its unusual shape. The "dancing" shape is supported by 99 concrete panels, each a different shape and dimension. On the top of the building is a large twisted structure of metal nicknamed Mary'. The Ultimate tour guide for Prague Available to buy on Amazon for only £5.16 In the middle of a square of buildings from the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Dancing House has two main parts. The first is a glass tower that narrows at half its height and is supported by carved pillars; the second runs parallel to the river and is characterized by undulating mouldings and unaligned windows. This design was driven mainly by aesthetic considerations: aligned windows would make evident that the building has two more floors, although it is the same height as the two adjacent nineteenth-century buildings. The windows have protruding frames, such as those of paintings, as the designer intended for them to have a three-dimensional effect. The winding mouldings on the façade also serve to confuse perspective and diminish contrast with the surrounding buildings. Drop us a question in Quora What is Quora?: Quora is a question-and-answer website where questions are asked, answered, and edited by Internet users, either factually, or in the form of opinions.

The way I know it, there are 3 methods to perform seismic analysis of buildings depending on basic factors like building height and shape. The 3 methods are: Equivalent Static Load method - also known as Simplified Modal Response Spectrum This is the simplest method and happens to be the most commonly used. Its concept is to represent the seismic forces by horizontal static forces acting on the building. However, there are some criteria that must be satisfied in order to use this method; the building must not be higher than 60 meters, the ratio of length to breadth should not exceed 4 and the building should be fairly uniform in shape and in its static system. 2. Multi-Modal Response Spectrum method This method takes into consideration the displacement of the structure due to the impact of the seismic forces. The reference, in this case, is a commonly used graph known as ‘the response spectrum curve’. 3. Time History Analysis This method relies on calculating the internal elements’ response to the dynamic seismic forces. The dynamic properties of the building must also be known and accounted for. It is a complex method requiring laboratory-grade investigation and analysis. Post by: Sherif Issa

General Info📚 Design: stone arch bridge Width: 22.90 metres (75.1 ft) Height: 7.32 metres (24.0 ft) Construction dates: 1588 - 1591 Engineer: Nicolò Barattieri 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 In The World of Venice, Jan Morris paints an affectionate picture of the Rialto Bridge: "Structurally, it was a complete success--during rioting in 1797 they even fired cannon from its steps, to dispel the mobs; and for myself, I would not change a stone of it. I love the quaint old figures of St. Mark and St. Theodore, on the station side of the bridge. I love the Annunciation on the other side, angel at one end, Virgin at the other, Holy Ghost serenely aloft in the middle. I love the queer whale-back of the bridge, humped above the markets, and its cramped little shops, facing resolutely inwards. I think one of the great moments of the Grand Canal occurs when you swing around the bend beside the fish market and see the Rialto there before you, precisely as you have imagined it all your life, one of the household images of the world, and one of the few Venetian monuments to possess the quality of geniality." History 📑 of Engineering 🏗 Maintenance was vital for the timber bridge. It was partly burnt in the revolt led by Bajamonte Tiepolo in 1310. In 1444, it collapsed under the weight of a crowd watching a boat parade and it collapsed again in 1524. The idea of rebuilding the bridge in stone was first proposed in 1503. Several projects were considered over the following decades. In 1551, the authorities requested proposals for the renewal of the Rialto Bridge, among other things. The present stone bridge, a single span designed by Antonio da Ponte, was finally completed in 1591. It is similar to the wooden bridge it succeeded. The engineering of the bridge was considered so audacious that architect Vincenzo Scamozzi predicted future ruin. The bridge has defied its critics to become one of the architectural icons of Venice. 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice You May Also Like: Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022 The 5 Greatest Engineers of All Times "Triangle shaped building New York"

General Info📚 Architects: Frank Williams & Associates; M.M.Posokhin Structural Engineer: Rosenwasser/Grossman Consulting Engineers P.C. Cost: US$1 billion Location: Moscow Russia Main contractor: Rasen Construction Space usage: offices, apartments, retail, fitness centres 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories👈 Design 🏗 Mercury City Tower is 29m higher than the Shard in London, UK, Mercury City Tower is 29m higher than the Shard in London, UK, and it was the tallest tower in Europe between 2012-2014 before being overtaken by several competitors. Currently Lakhta Center in St Petersburg, Russia holds the record at 462m height. The skyscrapers its copper-coloured cladding is what makes it unique. The building was originally designed to be surfaced in reflective silver glass in order to mirror the buildings surrounding but eventually came to be wrapped in equally reflective bronze-tinted glass. Thanks to its inimitable façade, the tower exhibits a constant glow that makes it appear as though it is continually immersed in the light of the sun on the horizon. A media facade made of 2 million LEDs was installed on the exterior of the 67th and 68th floors of the building. Thus, the Mercury City Tower has the tallest media facade in Europe. Sustainability Futures 🌿 The building is claimed by architect Frank Williams as the first environmentally friendly building in Russia since it was designed to collect melting snow water, as well as provide 70% of the workplaces with access to daylight. The building also features a smart “energy cycle” system that regulates energy usage, ambient temperatures, and hot water distribution throughout the development. Materials ⚒️ Materials used for the construction include heat-resistant reinforced concrete. Approximately 130,000m³ of concrete and 35,000t of reinforcement was used for the construction. For greater reliability, two independent reinforced concrete skeletons were provided to make the Mercury City Tower resistant against a 6.0 magnitude earthquake. This, as a result, gives the building a futuristic and high-tech look, fitting it in the Structural Expressionist architectural style. Facade The façade is built of steel and glass with aluminium glazing, with approximately 1,500t of foreign steel used for the façade cladding. It is the first Russian building constructed using environment-friendly methods. Source: designbuild-network You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Dracula's luxurious residence has 57 rooms and has its own private wooden church

General Information Total area: 468.19 sq mi (1,212.60 km2) Land: 300.37 sq mi (777.95 km2) Water: 167.82 sq mi (434.65 km2) Metro: 13,318 sq mi (34,490 km2) Population: 8,399,000 GDP (City, 2018): $842.3 billion New York City comprises 5 boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. At its core is Manhattan, a densely populated borough that’s among the world’s major commercial, financial and cultural centres. Its iconic sites include skyscrapers such as the Empire State Building and sprawling Central Park. Pics of the week 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Engineering has been transforming our world and bringing innovation.Here are the 5 greatest engineers in the industry of Civil, Computing, Mechanical, Automotive and Aerospace engineering of ALL TIMES 5. Civil Engineering Isambard Kingdom Brunel 🇬🇧 Isambard Kingdom Brunel (9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859), was an English civil engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th-century engineering giants", and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, who changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions". Brunel is known for a project such as: Great Western Railway Clifton Suspension Bridge SS Great Britain 4. Mechanical Engineering Nikola Tesla 🇷🇸 Nikola Tesla was an engineer and scientist known for designing the alternating-current (AC) electric system, which is the predominant electrical system used across the world today. He also created the "Tesla coil," which is still used in radio technology. Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions. 3. Computer Science Alan Turing 🇬🇧 Alan Turing was an English mathematician and pioneer of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. During WW2, he was instrumental in breaking the German Enigma code, leading to Allied victory over Nazi Germany. Alan Turing is known for : Cryptanalysis of the Enigma, Turing's proof, Turing machine, Turing test, Unorganised machine, Turing pattern, Turing reduction. Cause of death is speculated to be suicide by cyanide poisoning. 2. Automotive Engineering Henry Ford 🇺🇸 Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. Although Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle-class Americans could afford. In doing so, Ford converted the automobile from an expensive curiosity into a practical conveyance that would profoundly impact the landscape of the 20th century. 1. Aerospace Engineering Sergei Korolev 🇺🇦 Sergei Korolev was the lead Soviet rocket engineer for the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s. Regarded as the father of practical astronautics by many, he played a key role in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union as the lead rocket engineer and spacecraft designer. He also played a crucial role in launching the first human being into space. Source: MNB