#news A new motorway spanning 1,250 miles (2,012 km) was approved by the leaders of Russia and China The project is known as Meridian Highway, will be a part of wider cooperation between China and Russia, with the purpose of increasing trade It is expected to cost £7.5 billion (600 rubles) The Meridian Highway will connect Europe with Central Asia and will decrease cost for consumers and suppliers for both China and European market. The new toll link is expected to cost around 600 billion roubles (£7.5billion), and will be built using a public-private partnership – with guarantees to investors about returns. It is hoped the road will shorten trucking routes between cargo hubs in western China and central Europe. The four-lane highway will enter Belarus close to Smolensk and go through Moscow and Minsk ending in Shanghai. The idea behind it is to offer a faster alternative to three existing trade corridors currently used to move goods to their markets – including the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Suez Canal. The construction is mending to finish in 12 years if everything goes by plan. Source: https://www.independent.co.uk/

Quick FACTS 🧾 Structural engineer: Arup, Aronsohn Architects: MVSA Architects Main contractor: Heijmans Floor count: 10 Height: 48m Floor area: 5,600m2 Construction dates: Nov 1999 - Sep 2002 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Design 🏗 MSVA Architects Sleek and futuristic, our glass and aluminium ING House occupies a kind of no man’s land. Flanking a busy road (the A10), with the high-rise Zuidas business area on one side and the green belt of the Nieuwe Meer on the other, the location is a border zone. In this ambiguous territory, we set out to create a building that would not only fulfil our client’s complex needs, but also bring joy to every occupant – from board member to receptionists. Raising our glass-skinned structure on stilts enables every work and meeting space to look out towards an energising city view, rather than the road and embankment. Raising the building in this way also allowed room at ground level for a spacious entrance zone. The glazed entrance lobby is surrounded by green lawns. Running underneath the building is an approach road for taxis, coaches and board members’ chauffeurs. A car park and bicycle garage are located below grade. The auditorium and its foyer can be used by the entire ING group and has its own entrance with lifts. The building responds to its surroundings with an ‘intelligent’ facade design. The long south elevation has to contend with a high solar heat load and the north elevation with noise and air pollution from the A10 motorway. A double-skin facade ensures a pleasant indoor climate for all, with the possibility of natural ventilation. On the south side, solar shading hangs in the facade cavity; a natural chimney effect extracts solar heat. The glazed skin on the motorway side is closed and the cavity is supplied with fresh air drawn from the south side. Source: Archdaily.com , MSVA Architects Read more: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained

Quick FACTS 🧾 The roof of the new Copenhagen Opera House is one of the largest canopy roof structures in the world. With a plan dimensions of 158m by 90 m, it equates to the size of three football fields. LUSAS finite element analysis was used for the design of the structure in order to ensure the necessary strength, stability and dynamic response was achieved. Static, dynamic and thermal assessment of the roof for in-service loadings were made. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 What is Finite Element Analysis (FEA)? Finite Element Analysis or FEA is the simulation of a physical phenomenon using a numerical mathematic technique referred to as the Finite Element Method, or FEM. Engineers can use these FEM to reduce the number of physical prototypes and run virtual experiments to optimize their designs. Consider a concrete beam with support at both ends, facing a concentrated load on its centre span. The deflection at the centre span can be determined mathematically in a relatively simple way, as the initial and boundary conditions are finite and in control. However, once you transport the same beam into a practical application, such as within a bridge, the forces at play become much more difficult to analyze with simple mathematics. Roof design and construction To design the roof a number of technical challenges had to be overcome: It had to be shown that the structure possessed the necessary strength and stiffness as preliminary calculations had shown that it was almost impossible to design the entire structure using common truss girders in two directions It was important that in any final roof design the first mode shapes involved not only localised deformations of the outer corners but included deformations of the whole roof structure to ensure a dynamic response of the roof within acceptable limits. It had to be able to safely resist the large temperature differences in winter between the cantilevered part and the internal roof over the foyer. Ramboll chose to construct the cantilever roof as a closed steel box because a significantly higher flexural as well as torsional rigidity is obtained compared to that for a traditional lattice roof structure. The roof structure could not be designed as a closed box over the total area because of differential temperatures but was divided into a section made as a box and the remaining section made of a number of girders. The outer ring beam forms the inner closure of the box, and the radial beams are designed so that the flaring of the beams can absorb the horizontal axial stresses from the box structure... To analyze stability problems in the slender plates, Ramboll developed comprehensive new formulas for biaxial stress combinations, which included post-critical stresses and not only initial buckling stresses. These formulas led to significantly lower plate thicknesses in the cantilevered roof. Static Analysis The roof was designed for wind, snow and dead loads, as well as for stresses caused by temperature and for any settlement of the foyer columns. The wind load was based on results from wind tunnel tests. A 3D LUSAS model of the closed box and the girders of the roof structure was used for both static and dynamic analyses and these calculations determined all the normal stresses in the plates, parallel and perpendicular to the troughs, as well as the shear stresses and all internal forces in each beam in the girders. The static analysis proved the box structure to be an optimal solution, due to the use of stresses in both directions of the plates in combination with the shear stresses from the large torsional moments in the structure. Dynamic Behaviour Preliminary studies for a truss girder roof indicated an unacceptable response. By constructing the roof as a closed box the dynamic wind load was reduced to an acceptable level, and damping devices were not required. Eigenvalue analyses with LUSAS showed that the first mode shape for the closed box roof involved not only local deflections of the outer corners but also a global deflection of the entire front of the roof. A wind tunnel test was carried out to determine the time-averaged wind load on the structures and the fluctuating wind load, which were combined with mode shapes, natural frequencies and modal masses of the structures to determine the dynamic response. Differential Temperatures The external cantilevered part of the roof forms a horseshoe around the foyer area, and contracts in winter compressing the structure over the foyer. Roller bearings sit between the cantilevered box and the foyer girder portion of the roof and release the differential horizontal deformations in the north-south direction, and can transfer compression/tension forces in the vertical direction. Carrying out a differential temperature analysis with LUSAS showed how the structure over the foyer contracts in the north-south direction, the girders will deflect horizontally and the entire foyer structure moves towards the east. Hans Exner, Senior Chief Engineer at Ramboll said: "All of us at Ramboll are really proud of this building. It was a very valuable project for our client, for Copenhagen and for ourselves. The Opera House opened on 15 January 2005. It received the 2008 International Association for Bridge & Structural Engineering's Outstanding Structure Award, principally in recognition of the innovative design of its roof. You May Also Like: Why the Millennium bridge experienced unexpected swaying? For more visit the LUSAS website Source: lusas.com, simscale.com

The order of events in the Bridge's collapse Around 11.00 am that morning the Section Engineer contacted Jack Hindshaw, the Resident Engineer, and advised that things were not going well. Hindshaw arrived on site and was instantly aware that a potentially dangerous situation was imminent and decided to get further advice, making a phone call to Gerit Hardenber, a Senior Representative of WSC Melbourne. The last words that Hindshaw was heard saying were "Shall I get the bods off?" (referring to all the workers). It was then, at 11.50 am, that span 10 -11 collapsed, taking the lives of 35 men, Jack Hindshaw among them. Two years into the construction of the bridge, at 11:50 am on 15 October 1970, the 112-metre (367-foot) span between piers 10 and 11 collapsed and fell 50 metres (164 feet) to the ground and water below. The Consequences Thirty-five construction workers were killed and 18 injured, and it remains Australia's worst industrial accident to this day. Many of those who perished were on lunch break beneath the structure in workers' huts, which were crushed by the falling span. Others were working on and inside the span when it fell. The whole 2,000-tonne (4,400,000 lb) mass plummeted into the Yarra River mud with an explosion of gas, dust and mangled metal that shook buildings hundreds of metres away. Nearby houses were spattered with flying mud. The roar of the impact, the explosion, and the fire that followed could be clearly heard over 20 kilometres (12 mi) away. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The Engineering fault that caused the collapse On the day of the collapse, there was a difference in camber of 11.4 centimetres (4.5 in) between two half-girders at the west end of the span which needed to be joined. It was proposed that the higher one be weighted down with 10 concrete blocks, each weighing 8 t (8.8 short tons), which were located on-site. The weight of these blocks caused the span to buckle, which was a sign of structural failure. The longitudinal joining of the half-girders was partially complete when orders came through to remove the buckle. As the bolts were removed, the bridge snapped back and the span collapsed. What can we learn from this tragedy? We can all take something away from this, whether it be to design a better building, ensure that codes of practice and guidelines are being met or to simply make our workplaces as safe and as compliant as possible. Whatever we do take away from this we should always be aware that our foremost priority must be to provide the safest environment we can for our workers. Take our Height Safety Health Check to determine if you are doing all you can to ensure the safety of your workers. The West Gate Bridge - Melbourne - 2020 Source: sayfa.com.au , Wikipedia.com You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change

How a tied-arch Work? Thrust arches rely on horizontal restraint from the foundations. The vertical and horizontal reactions resolve into a force along with the arch members. The ends of the arches are normally pinned. This will be the most satisfactory solution when the arch bears onto good foundation material such as competent rock. However, the horizontal reactions lead to heavy uneconomic foundations. The tied-arch offers a solution that the deck can be arranged in different desirable levels since it can carry the horizontal force as a tie member. Loading of the hangers Thrusts downwards on a tied-arch bridge deck are translated, as tension, by vertical ties such as steel wire hangers between the deck and the arch. This loads then develop thrust in the arch which is balanced by tension in the tie of the deck and the arch member. The arch the deflects down and the loads are transmitted to the foundation supports with the free end absorbing all the movement such as temperature breaking loads and general live loads of the bridge. TOP 5 TIE-ARCH BRIDGES 5.Infinity Bridge, England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 4. Godavari Arch Bridge, Rajahmundry 🇮🇳 3. Clyde Arch Bridge, Glasgow 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 2.Infinity Footbridge, Stockton 🇸🇪 1. Fort Pitt Bridge, USA 🇺🇸 Source: SteelConstruction.info Read more: 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedral What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

Quick Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. As civil engineers, we use fluid mechanics analysis in two types of flows: Open channel flow Pipe flows The main difference open channel flow and pipe flows is the boundary conditions and the free surface of the liquid. 1. Open Channel flow: Open channel flows are characterised by a free surface (usually) open to the atmosphere. Open channel flows examples are streams, rivers, artificial canals, irrigation ditches, flumes, pipe-lines, culverts, tunnels, sewer lines, gutters, domestic draining boards. 2. Pipe or duct flow: All of the cross-section is taken up with the fluid. This is referred to as a "closed conduit". The energy in pipe flow is expressed as head and is defined by the Bernoulli equation. Classification of flow types 1. Steady and Unsteady flow Flow is termed steady or unsteady according to whether the velocity and hence the depth at a particular point on the channel - varies with time (=temporal variations) Steady flow: Flow is one in which the conditions of velocity, pressure and cross-section may differ from point to point but does not change with time. Unsteady flow: If at any point the conditions change with time. (However most open channels are considered steady) 2. Uniform and Non-uniform flow Uniform flow: Is the flow that occurs when the various quantities do not change from point to point over a specified region - at a particular instant in time. When the average velocities in successive cross-sections of a channel are the same. This only occurs when the liquid surface is parallel to the base of the channel. constant cross-section = uniform = equilibrium form Non-uniform flow: or varied flow occurs when the various quantities change from point to point over a specified region - at a particular instant in time. When depth or velocity changes over a distance either in the direction of flow or perpendicular to it. Definitions: Gradually varied flow: Small change Rapidly varied flow: Wave You May Also Like: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained An arch dam is a concrete dam that is curved upstream in a plan. The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water against it. Advantages of the arch dame are they are thinner than any other dam type, they require much less construction material, making them economical and practical. An example is the Hoover dam... Read More... Combinations of flows Uniform (constant depth) flow Non-uniform (variable depth) flow Non-uniform(variable depth) rapidly and gradually varied flow Steady uniform flow (easiest to analyse - common flow in pipes) Steady non-uniform flow Unsteady, uniform flow (pumping) Non-steady, non-uniform flow ( decelerating flow channels) 3. Laminar and Turbulent flow a.Laminar flow At lower velocities, fluid particles move in straight lines through the velocity of the particles along each line may not necessarily be the same - move in layers or laminae b. Turbulent flow At higher velocities, the fluid particles no longer move in a straight path but are intertwining and crossing one another in a disordered, chaotic manner. Turbulent flow is assumed in open channels analysis Fact: Even if the surface of a flowing liquid appears smooth and glassy, is no indication that turbulent flow does not exist underneath. 4. Tranquil and Rapid flow Tranquil and Rapid flows are fully dependant on the Froude number of the flow classified. Froude number: a dimensionless value that describes different flow regimes of open channels Tranquil flow: ( Fr<1.0) When the flow velocity is small it is possible for a small disturbance to travel against the flow and thus affect the conditions upstream Rapid flow: (Fr>1.0) When the flow velocity is high enough that a small disturbance cannot travel ( propagate) against the flow hence cannot affect the conditions upstream. Drop us a question at Quora What is Quora?: Quora is a question-and-answer website where questions are asked, answered, and edited by Internet users, either factually, or in the form of opinions.

COVID-19 to this day has infected 6.8 million and killed 397 thousand people making it one of the deadliest global pandemics of modern history. The reopening of shops and offices will create new engineering challenges in adapting existing infrastructure and designing new, for allowing social distancing practice for the new norm of post-COVID period. Engineers, Architects and Urban designers should come together to identify and tackle the issues concerning social distancing in public spaces for the near and far future. Here are some concepts that could be easily adjusted: Automatic Sliding Doors Contactless Security Systems Advanced ventilation systems Smart Crowds control Social distancing signage 1. Automatic Sliding Doors The longest viability of both viruses was on stainless steel and plastic; the estimated median half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was approximately 5.6 hours on stainless steel and 6.8 hours on plastic" According to BBC: An alarming recent study published by researchers at Imperial College London showed that viral DNA left on a hospital bed rail in an isolation room had spread within ten hours to 18 other surfaces, including door handles, chairs in a waiting room, children's toys and books in a play area. Read the full article here: Automatic doors technology is cheap and safe, use them and make it standard practice for public infrastructure. 2. Contactless Security Systems Near-field communication(NFC) is a set of communication protocols for communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1​1⁄2 in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection with a simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. Touch-free Elevators Motion detection doors NFC technology was invented in 2002 - Transport of London (TfL) introduced contactless OYSTER Card in 2004 - Is it about time for contactless technology to become the new norm to every household door/ building entrance where security is required? EXAMPLE: The system installed by Estonian tech company Ninja Solutions lets tenants open doors and elevators with their smartphones, and validate their use of rented areas with smartphone biometrics. Security staff have been replaced by CCTV. Navigator Office Center is located at Laeva Street between the Rotermann Quarter and Tallinn’s Old City harbour, Estonia. Tenants include a Bentley Showroom, Carlson Wagonlit Travel’s Tallinn branch, a dental clinic, a private equity company, and a range of advertising firms. Madis Laas, CIO of Ninja Solutions, said that the integration had been planned for the spring, but the Covid-19 pandemic brought it forward. “We can run the transition in 10 days almost remotely with our partners despite the border closures,” he said, adding that the hardware must already be integrated, and the customer needs to be “highly cooperative”. Read More: https://mobilization.io/ 3. Advanced ventilation systems The construction typology of the curtain wall arose with Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace and accelerated in the 20th century. Separating a building’s enclosing wall from its structure enabled an independent development of façade and structure, greater flexibility in design and the incredible lightness of buildings. A main driver for the ongoing development was an increasing awareness for energy saving. Improvements in coatings and double and triple layer insulation glass reduced the thermal losses through the transparent areas of a building. Concepts integrate heating, ventilation, air conditioning, shading, and sound insulation, reducing energy consumption and increasing user comfort. To achieve these facades a pressurised air supply or a ventilation system is used adopting the concept of pressurized multilayer ETFE-foil cushion panels for construction. Different Ventilation Concepts Buffer systems [a] establish a conditioned air system without an interaction. The air conditioning is realised by natural or mechanical ventilation. Extract-Air-Systems [b] use the warm exhaust air of the interior space to increase constantly the temperature of the cavity. A mechanical ventilation system is used for the rooms. Exchange-Air-Systems [c] use natural ventilation within the cavity to guide tempered air into the rooms and extract the used air for a constant exchange process. Source: igsmag.com 4. Smart Crowds control Simulation Software Generate simulations with predictive capacity across a wide range of scenarios and explore how pedestrians and crowds interact with infrastructure. Perform virtual experiments on the design and operation of a site and assess the impact of different levels of pedestrian demand. With sophisticated modelling, analysis, and presentation capabilities for projects ranging from airports to train stations to sports venues, LEGION Simulator helps enhance pedestrian flow and improve safety by allowing the users to test evacuation strategies at any point of the simulations. Scientifically Validated: Based on extensive scientific research of pedestrians’ behaviour in real contexts. Algorithms are patented, and simulation results have been validated against empirical measurements and qualitative studies. Interoperable: Integrate with other applications to understand the interaction among pedestrians and vehicles and individuals' reaction to temperature and other variables. Accurate Reporting: Export and report clear outputs via maps, graphs, and videos to accurately inform stakeholders about crowd density, evacuation, space utilization, social cost, and preferred paths over time. Source: Bentley 5. Social distancing signage UK Department of Transport: Traffic Signs to Support Social Distancing pdf :

General Information ℹ️ The diamond shape design combines functionality and modern design solutions, increasing open spaces and enhances the multifunctional uses of rooms. The National Library of Belarus is the biggest library in the Republic of Belarus. Its depository collections include about 10 million items of various media. The height of the building is 73.6 metres (241.5 feet) and weight is 115 000 tones (not including books). The building has 23 floors. Designed by architects Mihail Vinogradov and Viktor Kramarenko. Location: Minsk. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. History 📑 In 1989 a USSR-wide contest was held to choose the best architectural design for the Library. The winners – architects Viktor Kramarenko and Mikhail Vinogradov – suggested the Belarusian diamond design that combines functionality and modern design solutions The country’s top library was founded in 1922 under the aegis of the Belarusian State University. Back then it was named the Belarusian State and University Library. Initially, it contained 60,000 books. The design envisaged the construction of an original building in the shape of a rhombicuboctahedron — a complex polyhedron of 18 squares and 8 triangles resting on a supporting podium (stylobate). The surface of the diamond is covered by glass. The authors wanted the cut diamond shape to symbolize the value of knowledge and the endlessness of the perceptible world. Nevertheless, it took 13 years to get the daring design approved and implemented RECOMMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Engineering 🏗 LED Technology The architect and professor Viktor Kramarenko describes the challenge: “At sunset the brightness of the facade fades, the outdoor lighting is not effective and therefore the glass panels reflect the light into the space. The suggestion was to hide the light sources behind the glass, creating a large 25×25 monitor with a diameter of 62 m. 4,646 LED colour changing panels were placed around the building, as a result, viewers can see from far away, a fantastic show with incredible dynamic graphics. It is extraordinary building engineers and lighting designers created. source: Wikiarquitectura, Belarus.by The Ultimate tour guide for Belarus 🇧🇾 Available to buy on Amazon for only £13.29

On the 26th of April 1986 (33 years ago) the worst nuclear disaster in history happened. The No.4 nuclear reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded due to a fault in the safety system of the reactor. The New Safe Confinement is a megaproject that is part of the Shelter Implementation Plan and supported by the Chernobyl Shelter Fund. Design to contain the radiation for the next 100 years minimising the exposure. At a height of 109 meters and a length of 257 meters, the shield is the world’s largest movable metal structure. The New Safe Confinement will prevent the release of contaminated material from the present shelter and at the same time protect the structure from external impacts such as extreme weather. The construction of the huge structure happened offsite and slid into place to minimise the exposure to radiation. Death rolls of the explosion are approximated to be around 4,000 people per United Nations Foundation Design Foundations were designed to support the weight of the arches of the mega-structure and also have to support the rail tracks which will have to roll 180 m(590ft) from the construction site into place over reactor 4. Digging and cutting into the upper layers of the ground must be minimised because the soil is heavily contaminated with nuclear debris from the disastrous explosion. The site of the New Safe Confinement is slightly sloped, from 117.5m (385 ft) to 144m (473 ft) (east to west). A requirement of a minimal site levelling was required. Solution: A final design consisted of three lines of two 4.5 x 1.0 metres (14.7 x 3.28 ft) foundation panels, every 21 metres (69 ft) in length and a 4m (13 ft) high pile cap. The contract for this unprecedented design and construction project was awarded to the Novarka consortium led by the French construction companies Bouygues and Vinci in 2007. Read more: 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedral What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022

Architectural Insight The almost 2000-year-old Pantheon, one of the few ancient Roman structures still standing to its original glory, is a true testament. The spectacular design, proportions, elegance, and harmony are a striking reminder of the architecture of the great Roman Empire. When Michelangelo saw this wonder for the first time he said: "It looks more like the work of angels, not humans". 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Build originally as a temple to all gods as its name suggests, " Pantheon" that translates to "All gods" in Greek. It is a bit of a mystery how it managed to successfully survive the damage of time and gravity, including barbarian raids. Being one of the best-preserved Ancient Roman monuments it was turned into a church in 609 AD. The structure itself was way ahead of its time. In fact, the exact composition of the material is still unknown and appears structurally similar to modern-day concrete. The most fascinating part of the Pantheon is its giant dome, with its famous hole in the top (The eye of the Pantheon, or oculus). The dome was the largest in the world for 1300 years and until today it remains the largest unsupported dome in the world! The diameter of the dome is 43.30 meters (142 ft) and it is in perfect proportion in fact that the distance from the floor to the top of the dome is exactly equal to its diameter. The great architectural achievement was due to the massive weight of the large dome. Roman engineers lightened the dome as much as possible; not only its thickness progressively decreases, but the materials used in the upper part of the dome were lighter. The decrease in thickness has the effect that while the interior of the ceiling is spherical and its exterior is slightly “flattened”. It is larger than the dome of St. Peter’s basilica but since it seems flattened from the outside it is hard to get a full sense of its dimension. ▶︎A lighting effect can be viewed on April 21 when the midday sun strikes a metal grille above the doorway, saturating the courtyard outside with light. The Romans celebrated April 21 as the founding date of the city. ▶︎The impressive sight of their Emperor standing at the entrance of the Pantheon surrounded by the light coming from inside the pantheon might have been seen as something that, in effect, raised their emperor to the level of the gods and invited him in to join them. ▶︎The 16 massive Corinthian columns supporting the portico weigh 60 tons each. They are 11.8 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter and brought all the way from Egypt. Read more: Reims Cathedral visit tour Guide Everything you need to know about the iconic Norte-Dame de Paris before in burned to ashes New £7.5 billion motorway connecting Belarus to China was approved by Putin

The legendary San Siro Stadium is getting demolished after 93 years in service The stadium had a total capacity of 80,018 and a field size of 105m x 68m Both Inter and Milan teams agreed for a new 60,000 capacity venue built next to San Siro The iconic stadium hosted the 1934 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1980, 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as boxing and many concerts 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The stadium in Milan was designed by architect Stacchini and engineer Cugini based on an Anglo-Saxon model, characterised by four independent stands. The construction began in 1925 at “ Via Piccolomini 5, 20151” in Milan. In total, the stadium undertook four renovations, in 1935, 1955, 1990 and in 2015-16. In 1955, engineers Armando Ronca and Ferruccio Calzolari developed the project for the second extension of the stadium, which was meant to increase the capacity from 50,000 to 150,000 visitors. Calzolari and Ronca proposed three additional, vertically arranged, rings of spectator rows. Nineteen spiralling ramps – each 200 metres long – gave access to the upper tiers. During construction, the realisation of the highest of the three rings was abandoned and the number of visitors limited to 100,000. The four main towers are 51 metres in height and support the roofs main beams. The new stadium will be constructed partly below street level to reduce the visual impact on the nearby neighbourhood. The area around the stadium will be developed hence renovating that area of the city of Milan. Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-7172033/Inter-join-AC-Milan-agreeing-knock-iconic-San-Siro.html Read more: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives

Structure's General Information ℹ️ Location: Via Carlo Maria Martini, 1 20122 Milan, Italy 🇮🇹 Architect: Simone da Orsenigo Style: Italian/ Rayonnant Gothic Construction Start Date: 1386 Website: Milan Duomo Tickets: at Milan Cathedral and Rooftop Ticket from 14.92£ CORONAVIROUS OUTBREAK COST ALOT OF TOURISM INCOME TO THE CITY OF MILAN The death toll in Italy has passed 230, with officials reporting more than 36 deaths in 24 hours. - BBC reports Over five million people visit the Duomo every year, according to Culture Trip. Architectural Insight The Duomo is the fifth largest Christian church in the world and remains incomplete for centuries. They say there are more statues on this gothic-style cathedral than any other building in the world. There are 3,400 statues, 135 gargoyles and 700 figures that decorate Milan Duomo! Climb the stairs or take the lift to the rooftop to fully appreciate the architecture of the most renowned silhouette in the city. The highest point of the dome occupies the Madonnina (Little Madonna), the 4.16 meters (13.6 feet) large golden statue at 108.5 meters (356 feet) height shines afar in the sun. Milan: The ghost city of Europe as coronavirus strikes in Europe. Engineering Insight Construction began in 1386 and finished centuries after in 1965 taking an astonishing 579 years to build. The materials used were Brick with local Candoglia marble. Three main buildings had to be demolished prior to the construction works could start. as a starting point in 1386, 300 workers led by chief engineer Simone da Orsenigo were appointed to the project. The cathedral can accommodate a capacity of 40,000 spectators. Dimensions specifications : 158.6 x 92 x 108 metres Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider