Whether for seasonal enjoyment or weekend refreshment, it is exciting to build a beautiful waterfront home. Such a commodity is always in demand as no one would want to miss out on natural landscapes, a serene atmosphere, wildlife, and a calming place to relax. But there are limited natural water features in the world and most of them are highly expensive. Hence, the best option is to hire a professional waterfront home architect that can make your dream of having a waterfront home come true. These professionals take the advantage of the surrounding design and aesthetics of a home to create an exquisite space. However, creating these spaces is expensive. So, here are 5 essential features for waterfront home architects that you must unfailingly consider! Avoid the Reflection and Glare Facing a huge waterbody and reflecting sun rays can create glare. Using professional-quality glass limits glare when the sun reflects on water at particular angles. Shutters and blinds function as excellent barriers to maintaining interior ambiance. Introducing shorefront windows is another wonderful way to reduce external noise and reduce heat. With proper planning, you can enjoy the location and size of your waterfront home. Experienced waterfront home designers use mindful interventions and considerations to allow you to be close to the water without indulging in a non-invasive affair. Long-Lasting Building Materials Building a waterfront home is a serious matter. You cannot go with just any type and quality of the material. It is essential to consider materials with high durability and rich aesthetic value. Professional residential architects pivot their designs in a way to include more oceanfront–friendly materials. It shields your interior from high winds while delivering an outstanding residing experience even during summer days. The materials selected must be able to tolerate the daily exposure to salty and moist air and must withstand the extreme winds on the oceanfront. Whether you desire for a sheltered balcony or a screened porch, using the right quality and type of materials will ensure you get the best outcome. Invest in Outdoor Areas Outdoor living spaces are of great significance for a waterfront house. It goes a long way to maximize the amazing water view. For example, creating a deck, balcony, or other exterior living space is more inviting for homeowners and their guests. Experienced waterfront home designers can convert the existing exterior space to an open lanai, which is free from obstructions like railings, columns, and other structures. As a result, homeowners can enjoy a clear, pristine view of the water body. Other elements to consider for enhancing the outdoor experience for homeowners are designing a grilling space, spa, pool, firepit, comfortable seating space, and an alfresco kitchen. For cold months, the outdoor space can be integrated with a fireplace that makes the area cozy and comfortable. Also, invest in high-quality outdoor furniture that can withstand extreme external temperatures. The outdoor interior must be easy to maintain and free from delicate elements so that they look beautiful and do not require regular maintenance. Consider an Open Floor Plan for Interiors The trend of open floor plans is always high in demand and when it comes to waterfront homes, they are the best option. Fewer indoor walls mean fewer obstructions and a clear view of the gorgeous backdrop. It also provides a clear gateway to sun rays during winter. If the interiors of your house have walls blocking such views, you must hire a redesign expert to get an open floor plan. Think of walking into a house that looks straight out to your favorite water body. Or consider having a candlelight dinner under the clear view of the moon without being outdoors? Open indoor spaces let you get connected to the natural beauty of the surroundings while being protected from external effects. By enhancing the layout of your home, you can enjoy a practical panoramic site of the water. A good design can convert these possibilities into a reality and create endless moments of relaxation and inspiration. Meticulously Design Windows Facing the Water For new construction, consider hiring an architect to ensure the house is properly oriented with adequate ceiling windows to offer an unimpeded view. The bigger the area span windows have, the larger the view, and integrating a glass-style window accommodates the ability to achieve beautiful views. Introducing corner windows into the home design can add breathtaking immersive views. Any selected option will let in a drastic amount of natural light and offer exceptional water views. Though water views are a priority, it is necessary to consider comfort as well. It means considering the sunlight level. Homeowners must not be woken in the early morning right when the summer light streams in, but maybe want to see that light rolls around at the correct time. Based on the angle, windows are positioned correctly, functionality is a vital consideration. Numerous window treatments do not block outdoor views, including smart or darkening blinds, which can be tucked or opened away easily. To address the heat concerns, one finest way is an eco-friendly home investment and installing double-glazed windows with glass that provides heat reflectivity. It ensures that the temperatures are more comfortable. Homeowners can consult an experienced builder or architect to maximize the water views without affecting regular lifestyles. One of the major advantages of living in a waterfront house is its interaction with the environment. By introducing precise features in your waterfront house, you can create a stunning and inviting design. Hence, do consider the above-mentioned aspects while building your waterfront home or consult the experts. Contact OneSpace Design Studio for Best Waterfront Home Designs OneSpace Design Studio is a leading residential interior design studio in Virginia Beach. They provide top-notch residential and commercial architectural services. You can hire them to avail of stunning waterfront home architecture within your budget. They offer a 3D interior rendering service as well that gives you a clear vision of the design before it is finalized. Contact them to get the best design solutions from expert and experienced professionals for your waterfront home project.

INTRODUCTION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of creating and managing 3D building data during its development. BIM is a complex multiphase process that gathers input from team members to model the components and tools that will be used during the construction process to create a unique perspective of the building process. The 3D process is aimed at achieving savings through collaboration and visualization of building components into an early design process that will dictate changes and modifications to the actual construction process. It is a very powerful tool that when used properly will save money, time and simplify the construction process. For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives Building Information Modeling Applications The BIM application process can be used during design and architecture process creating a clear picture used for better and more integrated designs. The software will be used to foresee problems and coordination between different contractors and as a way to generate construction documents and process that will later be implemented during the physical process. It is ideal when there are many trades executing at the same moment or when schedules are compressed. There are multiple applications for BIM so it can be used by the following groups: Architecture Sustainability Structures MEP Construction management Utilities Road construction Scheduling Property management Are you a civil engineering professional working in the UK? Participate in this research study with the purpose to critically evaluate various aspects of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and assess the factors surrounding the digital transformation of construction-related SME’s in the UK. Participate Now Industry groups are trying to develop one standardized BIM model that can be used to integrate all different types of modelling systems. By doing this, they will facilitate the coordination and communication in the design-construction-operation team under one single platform. The purpose of this movement is to create a single data centre, with multiple CAD and specs depending on the discipline that you are working for. All data will then come together allowing it to be used for take-offs, analysis, coordination and important project milestones. This effort will help standardize the process and will establish a base that can be used during the bidding process so everyone can be judged using some standard guidelines. The BuildingSmart Alliance, a council of the National Institute of Building Sciences, in Washington, D.C., is leading these efforts towards a National BIM Standard. For more info visit: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/introduction-to-building-information-modeling-bim-845046 Are you a civil engineering professional working in the UK? Participate in this research study with the purpose to critically evaluate various aspects of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and assess the factors surrounding the digital transformation of construction-related SME’s in the UK. Participate Now

It's no secret that the construction industry has been slower than many other industries to adopt digital technology, but there is increasing recognition of the benefits that digitalization can bring. Digital tools and technologies can increase efficiency and productivity, reduce costs, improve safety, and enable better collaboration and communication among stakeholders in the construction process. The construction industry, which contributes 13% to the global GDP and is responsible for roughly one-third of global CO2 emissions, has close connections and implications with various activities such as logistics, mechanics, and land management. Furthermore, it is an integral part of our daily lives, and its significance should not be underestimated. The construction sector plays a crucial role in shaping our surroundings, including streets, parks, highways, airports, homes, and schools, and also influences the quality of the air we breathe. The digitization of this industry can help address sustainability challenges that are sure to progress unless something is done. For example, digital tools can help optimize building design and energy use, reduce waste and material consumption, and improve the monitoring and maintenance of buildings over their lifecycle. Digital technologies can also support the adoption of circular economy principles, which prioritize the reuse and recycling of materials and resources. One remarkable example of how digitization can transform the way we understand and interact with our physical environment is the recent unveiling of the digital twin of Singapore. By creating a detailed 3D model of the entire nation, Singapore has provided a platform for developing and testing new technologies and urban planning strategies in a virtual environment. Bentley Systems' tools, along with other technologies such as GIS, lidar, and imagery data, were instrumental in the creation of this digital twin. The process of transforming raw data into reality mesh, building, and transportation models was accelerated, allowing for the efficient creation of a comprehensive and detailed model of the country. The potential applications of this digital twin are vast, ranging from urban planning and transportation to emergency response and disaster management. It can be used to simulate and test different scenarios and strategies, allowing for more informed decision-making and better outcomes. Moreover, the digital twin of Singapore could be a significant step towards the development of the metaverse - a virtual world that merges with the physical world. By providing a detailed and accurate representation of Singapore, the digital twin could serve as a starting point for the creation of a larger, interconnected virtual world that spans multiple nations and regions. Singapore, being an island nation, faces significant challenges from rising sea levels due to climate change. However, the country is leveraging its integrated digital twin infrastructure to mitigate these challenges. By providing a single, accurate, reliable, and consistent terrain model, the infrastructure is supporting the national water agency in resource management, planning, and coastal protection efforts. The benefits of the digital twin infrastructure extend beyond climate change response, as it is also aiding in the rollout of renewable energy. Through the use of an integrated source of building model data, the infrastructure has helped craft a solar photovoltaic (PV) roadmap to meet the government's commitment of deploying two gigawatts peak (GWp) of solar energy by 2030. One significant advantage of a digital twin over a traditional map is its ability to be constantly updated with new data. However, achieving this requires a sophisticated data management platform capable of collecting and updating data collected from different sources to represent the city's separate yet interconnected digital twins. According to Hui Ying Teo, a senior principal surveyor at the Singapore Land Authority, for a digital twin to achieve its full potential, it should represent not only the physical space but also the legal space, such as cadaster maps of property rights, and the design space, such as planning models like building information modeling (BIM). City and national governments face the challenge of converting individual data silos containing geographic, infrastructure, and ownership records into unified digital twins. However, this is a daunting task due to the differences in data capture methods, file formats, and data quality and accuracy. Governments must also create digital twins while respecting the privacy of citizens, confidentiality of enterprise data IP, and security of the underlying data. To overcome these challenges, governments must explore various strategies to transform data silos into unified digital twins. In Singapore, government agencies previously conducted their own topographical surveys to aid in planning decisions, leading to duplicate efforts due to differing timelines. To address this issue, the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) partnered with Bentley Systems to implement a "capture once, use by many" strategy. The SLA used lidar and automated image capture techniques to rapidly map the nation, reducing costs from SGD 35 million to 6 million and time from two years to eight months. This approach enabled the creation of an open-source 3D national map that can be used by various government agencies, authorities, and consultants. Over a period of forty-one days, the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) successfully captured over 160,000 high-resolution aerial images, which were then transformed into a 0.1-meter accurate 3D reality mesh covering the entire country. The SLA utilized Bentley's ContextCapture tools to create this mesh. Additionally, the SLA employed Bentley's Orbit 3DM tool to convert over twenty-five terabytes of local street data into the digital twin. To ensure data standardization, the team used LAS and LAZ for point cloud data, GeoTIFF to align imagery with physical spaces, and CityGML to support vector models and surfaces. The implementation of a digital twin city offers numerous benefits for both citizens and urban planners. It allows for the simulation and visualization of urban development scenarios, which can facilitate evidence-based decision-making, reduce costs, and optimize resource allocation. A digital twin city also has the potential to improve the quality of life for residents by enhancing infrastructure, and public services, promoting sustainable development, and creating more efficient and livable urban environments. Furthermore, the data collected from a digital twin city can provide insights for scientific research, urban innovation, and policy-making. As technology advances and cities become more complex, the implementation of digital twin cities is becoming increasingly important to help us better understand, manage, and improve the urban environment. Ultimately, access to digital open data can help create a more inclusive, equitable, and prosperous society, where innovation and creativity can thrive. Singapore's implementation of digital geospatial and construction data in a digital city model is just the beginning. Civils.ai is making the lives of Geotechnical Engineers easier by utilizing open data. Introducing their new product George, the AI borehole log digitizer, which automates the usually boring and tedious task of reading and transcribing information from geotechnical reports. With their advanced technology, civils.ai is helping to extract data directly from PDF site investigation reports and turn them into digital files. They’ve been hard at work digitizing the publicly available data across London and have already digitized almost 20% of the city's geology. They are now offering out their tool to allow you to digitize your own private reports and store your digitized files in your own private repository, making manually transcribing from PDFs a task of the past. Maybe London will soon have an underground digital twin thanks to civils.ai! References https://www.ie.edu/insights/articles/digitization-will-raise-construction-to-the-modern-day/ https://oroinc.com/b2b-ecommerce/blog/digital-transformation-in-construction/#:~:text=Some%20examples%20of%20digital%20transformation,technologies%2C%20or%20laser%20imaging%20systems. https://venturebeat.com/business/how-singapore-created-the-first-country-scale-digital-twin/

What is ESG? Environmental, social, and corporate governance is an approach to evaluating the extent to which a corporation works on behalf of social goals that go beyond the role of a corporation to maximize profits on behalf of the corporation's shareholders. What are environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria? Environmental criteria focuses on topics such as nature, carbon neutrality, waste, pollution, and animal treatment. GHG reporting and sustainability reporting are now at the top of the list that investors acknowledge. Social criteria may include with whom businesses have relationships whether they are sustainable vendors or if they help build up the community with their resources. This also includes human rights of employees, communities and others in the supply chain. Governance criteria include keeping transparent accounting records, avoiding conflicts of interest between board members, and that stockholders are able to vote on important matters. Other concerns would be management structure, employee relations and retention, and compensation of wages. Source: Net0 Terminology List Carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) The EU taxonomy GAR GHG emissions NGFS PAIs Physical risk (climate change stress testing) SFRDR TCFD Transitional risk (climate change stress testing) Carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) Carbon dioxide equivalent or CO2e means the number of metric tons of CO2 emissions with the same global warming potential as one metric ton of another greenhouse gas The EU taxonomy The EU taxonomy is a classification system, establishing a list of environmentally sustainable economic activities. It could play an important role helping the EU scale up sustainable investment and implement the European green deal. The EU taxonomy would provide companies, investors, and policymakers with appropriate definitions for which economic activities can be considered environmentally sustainable GAR Green Asset Ratio (GAR) key performance indicator (KPI) under the Taxonomy Regulation shows the proportion of exposures related to Taxonomy-aligned activities compared to the total assets of those credit institutions GHG emissions Greenhouse gases, or GHGs, are compound gases that trap heat or longwave radiation in the atmosphere. Their presence in the atmosphere makes the Earth's surface warmer. Sunlight or shortwave radiation easily passes through these gases and the atmosphere. Also for you: Environmental regulations in construction — What’s changing? Risks and due diligence involved in an SPC green energy investment project NGFS The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) is a network of 114 central banks and financial supervisors that aims to accelerate the scaling up of green finance and develop recommendations for central banks' role for climate change PAIs Principal Adverse Impacts (PAIs) – Negative, material, or potentially material effects on sustainability factors that result from, worsen, or are directly related to investment choices or advice performed by a legal entity Physical risk (climate change stress testing) https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/15/california-storms-biden-major-disaster-atmospheric-rivers-forecast Physical risk refers to the financial impact of a changing climate, including more frequent extreme weather events and gradual changes in climate, as well as of environmental degradation, such as air, water, and land pollution, water stress, biodiversity loss and deforestation, and more SFRDR Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) is a European regulation introduced to improve transparency in the market for sustainable investment products, to prevent greenwashing and to increase transparency around sustainability claims made by financial market participants TCFD leased climate-related financial disclosure recommendations designed to help companies provide better information to support informed capital allocation Transitional risk (climate change stress testing) Scenario for physical and transition-risk levels (ECB economy-wide climate stress test | Source: https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/risk/articles/tcfd-and-why-does-it-matter.html Transition risk refers to the negative impact that the introduction of climate policies to reduce CO2e emissions could have on certain high-emitting firms. Yet policies to limit carbon emissions, such as a carbon tax, could increase the costs of raw materials and energy, or require businesses to carry out a costly and large-scale overhaul of their production processes to eliminate the use of carbon. Share of firms exposed to physical and transition risk by European Country (ECB economy-wide climate stress test)

Due diligence As wind energy reached a total of 51.8 billion euros in investment in the year 2019 (Wind Europe, 2020), due diligence becomes an important part of an investment evaluation. In the case of the investment summarised in this report, 2 years (2021-2023) were spent before the final commitment to the project funds was made and financial closure was concluded. The three main components of due diligence are technical, financial, and legal (Blaiklock, 2014). Technical due diligence For example, investors and lenders may seek third independent professional advice on technical matters of design and specifications of the proposed project and seek advice if the project is commercially viable based on the maturity of the technology applied. Financial due diligence Furthermore, due diligence may be required to double-check the integrity and projections undertaken in the cash flow model and sensitivity analysis by the financial advisors. This could be found necessary by the investors and lenders as the models could be used in a later stage for renegotiation of energy tariffs. Legal due diligence Lastly, legal advisors will have the responsibility to review documents and laws such as licensing and permits required, environmental liabilities, relevant statutory instruments required for the project, the enforceability of contracts, local laws, and more (Blaiklock, 2014). Risks Risk is uncertainty and various risks can be a risk to investors and may not be a risk to lenders and vice versa (Blaiklock, 2014). Risks and uncertainties become apparent by carrying out a sensitivity analysis but sometimes are also very difficult to predict based on the nature of the project. A list of possible overall and specific risks and risk mitigations possibly to be encountered in the project assessed in this report are listed in the table below. References Blaiklock, M., 2014. Infrastructure Finance Handbook : Principles, Practice and Experience. London: Euromoney Books Deloitte, 2014. Establishing the investment case of Wind power , Copenhagen: Deloitte.

by 2050 Materials Building regulations are crucial drivers for change. Over the last decade, regulatory compliance was concentrated on LED bulbs, energy-efficient ventilation and insulated buildings. Today, the focus is shifting more and more towards material selection and upfront carbon. Designing with operational carbon in mind is obviously helpful, yet not adequate to ensure future compliance and long-term asset value. Energy and carbon metrics are complementary and are key factors in decarbonizing the building stock. More governments are starting to realize that regulating and enforcing thresholds in the operational aspect of buildings is insufficient when trying to build a net-zero society. In order to reduce the embodied carbon in the material selection and specification process, new requirements need to be introduced with limited values based on whole-life carbon assessments. The introduction of embodied carbon regulations needs to be implemented at a global scale. Countries such as Denmark, France and the Netherlands are leading the way in this space. The current status in Europe Here’s a summary of the most impactful regulations driving embodied carbon accounting in Europe: Germany, Belgium, UK, and Switzerland: All 4 countries have introduced LCA requirements for public projects and state-owned buildings. In addition, the Mayor of London has introduced a requirement for all major referable projects to calculate and reduce whole life-cycle carbon (WLC) emissions to fully capture a development’s carbon impact. Netherlands: All new commercial and residential buildings with a GIA larger than 100m2 need to calculate and report their embodied impacts based on a standardized and simplified national LCA methodology. France: The new building regulation (RE2020) introduced by the French government aims to address the environmental impact of new buildings by enforcing the combination of whole-life carbon accounting and energy performance targets. This is supported by the E+C- label, which standardizes and simplifies a national LCA methodology to ensure compliance. Finland and Sweden: Both countries have developed whole-life carbon databases in line with standardized and simplified national LCA methodologies, to pave the way for whole-life carbon accounting and future regulation. Sweden plans to introduce CO2 thresholds for new buildings by 2027 and Finland by 2025. Denmark: The Danish government introduced targets and carbon thresholds in the building regulations for whole life carbon which come into effect in 2023, embracing both embodied and operational carbon in all buildings over 1000m2 in any sector. Regulatory thresholds for smaller buildings are expected to be enforced by 2025. Further to the introduction of new government regulation, several industry groups in Europe and the UK (such as ACAN, Architects Declare and Part Z) consisting of sustainability specialists, designers and contractors are advocating for more aggressive action plans to address the climate emergency. Part Z proposes an amendment to the UK Building Regulations, outlining the requirements on the assessment of whole-life carbon emissions, and limiting of embodied carbon emissions, for all major building projects. Can operational carbon regulation pave the way for embodied carbon accounting? The importance of embodied carbon emissions will increase dramatically as more buildings are constructed and renovated to higher energy performance and efficiency standards. The enhancement of operational performance in new buildings and retrofits is expected to create a multiplier effect on two fronts: The overall energy consumption of buildings is reduced, and this automatically turns into a minimum requirement. Embodied carbon becomes the most significant area of carbon emissions over the lifetime of a building. Therefore, it makes sense to focus on untapped carbon savings and set targets for emissions from the extraction, manufacturing and construction processes in building materials and products. How do you measure whole-life carbon emissions? Multiple standards and professional statements have already been released to provide guidance and outline how to measure whole-life carbon emissions. Some of the most relevant are: BS EN 15978: Defines the general structure and definition of stages in the life cycle of buildings, according to the European standard for the environmental assessment of buildings and the sustainability of construction works. ISO 21930:2017 & EN 15804: Provide the principles, specifications and requirements for developing Environmental Product Declarations. EN 15643–5: Outlines how to assess the sustainability of buildings and civil engineering works. RICS Professional Statement — Whole-life carbon assessment for the built environment: Sets out specific mandatory principles and supporting guidance for the interpretation and implementation of EN 15978 methodology. Carbon management and accounting needs to be more accessible to industry stakeholders. The ultimate goal should be to regulate embodied carbon in the same manner that energy performance is currently mandated, including robust and standardized calculation methods at affordable prices. Countries that have taken a progressive approach on operational carbon regulations, are also first to enforce embodied carbon thresholds. Integrate resilience in your design Designing today with future compliance in mind isn’t easy, no doubt. 2050 Materials is making this viable through easy-to-use tools integrating product-specific data. Implementing such a mentality into the early design stages directly contributes to delivering long-term asset value for your clients. Besides, it helps you demonstrate a “best-in-class” approach, visionary qualities, and new era creativity.

Definitions Dynamic Analysis All real physical structures, when subjected to loads or displacements, behave dynamically. The additional inertia forces, from Newton’s second law, are equal to the mass times the acceleration. If the loads or displacements are applied very slowly then the inertia forces can be neglected and a static load analysis can be justified. Hence, dynamic analysis is a simple extension of static analysis. - CivilDigital Dynamic analysis is used to evaluate the impact of transient loads or to design out potential noise and vibration problems.As experienced development engineers our contribution to a dynamic evaluation rarely stops at the analysis output. - TRIVISTA Static Analysis Static analysis is an essential procedure to design a structure. Using static analysis, the structure's response to the applied external forces is obtained. Moreover, the static analysis is performed when the structure is subjected to external displacements, such as differential support settlements -ASCE The major differences between the dynamic and static design of structure include: The design seismic force and its distribution to different levels along the building's height and to the various lateral load-resisting parts must be determined by dynamic analysis. A structure's reaction to external forces can be determined via static analysis. When comparing dynamic and static analysis, the amount of acceleration in the applied action relative to the structure's natural frequency is what differentiates the two. It is possible to simplify the analysis to static form if the load is applied slowly enough, thereby eliminating the inertia forces. Therefore, the study of how structures respond to dynamic loading is known as structural dynamics. Humans, wind, waves, vehicles, earthquakes, and explosions are all examples of dynamic loads. Dynamic loads can be applied to any structure. Modal analysis, temporal analysis, and dynamic displacements are all accessible through dynamic analysis. External displacements, such as differential support settlements, necessitate a static study of the structure. Also for You: The Complexity of the Copenhagen Opera House roof |Finite Element Analysis using LUSAS

Europe’s strategy prioritizes the development of green hydrogen as it is the most compatible form of hydrogen with the EU’s long-term climate neutrality and zero pollution goal. However, due to the current costs of the associated technologies, it is deemed necessary to implement other forms of low-carbon hydrogen technologies, such as blue hydrogen, to reduce the emissions of the industry currently dominated by grey hydrogen (European Commission, 2020). An overview of some hydrogen strategies is presented below. European Hydrogen Strategy Taking an overview of Europe’s hydrogen strategy, the goals for hydrogen production are spread across various timelines. For 2024, Europe aims to install at least 6 GW of green hydrogen electrolyzers in the EU and to produce up to 1 million tonnes of green hydrogen. From 2025 to 2030, Europe then aims to install at least 40 GW of green hydrogen electrolyzers by 2030 and to produce up to 10 million tonnes of green hydrogen in the EU. From 2030 onwards and towards 2050, green hydrogen technologies should reach maturity and be deployed at a large scale. Throughout the implementation of hydrogen production facilities, Europe intends to make use of its well-established natural gas grid by repurposing sections of it for transportation (European Commission, 2020). EU Hydrogen strategy: here Read more about Hydrogen: Green Hydrogen current and projected production costs Different methods of storing, transporting, and distributing Hydrogen African Hydrogen Strategy Currently, only Morocco, South Africa, and Nigeria have governmental plans for the implementation of hydrogen. In June 2020, Morocco entered a partnership with Germany to develop the first green hydrogen plant in Africa which will be coupled with photovoltaic and wind power with the intention to reduce CO2 emissions by 100,000 tonnes. The commercial operation date is scheduled between 2024 and 2025. On the other hand, South Africa is working to expand local knowledge and innovation of hydrogen technology to boost their economy through job creation and increased wealth. While Nigeria has also expressed interest in the growth of green hydrogen to supplement its energy demand (Clifford Chance, 2020) 2X40 GW Green Hydrogen Initiative The “2X40 GW Green Hydrogen Initiative” is a concept derived by Wijk & Chatzimarkakis (2020) and the EU green deal in which two sets of 40GW electrolyzer capacities are aimed to be realized by 2030. The purpose of this is to aid the movement towards climate neutrality by 2050 while also creating a world-class leading electrolyzer industry within Europe. The first 40 GW capacity is shared among the members of the European Union while the other is shared across neighboring countries, namely Ukraine and North Africa. The former capacity is split into a captive market of 6 GW, consisting of chemicals, refineries, material production, and hydrogen refueling stations, and a hydrogen market of 34 GW, taking into account a centralized scale for hydrogen plants and a decentralized scale of 10-100 MW. Whereas the latter capacity is split into a domestic market of 7.5 GW for the usage of the countries producing the hydrogen, and an export market of 32.5 GW. This export market is expected to be made up of 24.5 GW supplied by North Africa and the remaining 8 GW supplied by Ukraine. An overview of the initiative can be seen in the Figure below. This initiative also highlights the potential partnership between the EU and neighboring countries that can prove highly beneficial. REFERENCES: ADFC (no date). Hydrogen Basics. [online] Available at: https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen_basics.html. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Antweiler, W. (2020). What role does hydrogen have in the future of electric mobility? [online] Available at: https://wernerantweiler.ca/blog.php?item=2020-09-28. [Accessed 12 November 2021]. Azinheira, G., Segurado, R. & Costa, M. (2019). ‘Is Renewable Energy-Powered Desalination a Viable Solution for Water Stressed Regions? A Case Study in Algarve, Portugal’, Energies, Vol. 12, doi: 10.3390/en12244651. Bezdek, R. H. (2019). ‘The hydrogen economy and jobs of the future’, Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain., Volume 4, January 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2018005. BNEF (2020). ‘Hydrogen Economy’ Offers Promising Path to Decarbonization. [online] Available at: https://about.bnef.com/blog/hydrogen-economy-offers-promising-path-to-decarbonization/. [Accessed 22 December 2021]. Bruce, S., Temminghodd, M, Hayward, J., Schmidt, E., Munnings, C., Palfreyman, D. & Hartley, P. (2018). ‘Australia’s National Hydrogen Roadmap’, CSIRO, Energy and Futures, Australia. Cavana, M. & Leone, P. (2021). ‘Solar Hydrogen from North Africa to Europe through Greenstream: A simulation-based analysis of blending scenarios and production plant sizing’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, pp. 22618-22637. Cummins Inc. (2020). Electrolyzers 101: What they are, how they work and where they fit in a green economy. [online] Available at: https://www.cummins.com/news/2020/11/16/electrolyzers-101-what-they-are-how-they-work-and-where-they-fit-green-economy. [Accessed 20 October 2021]. Dawood, F., Anda, M. & Shafiullah, G. M. (2020). ‘Hydrogen production for energy: An overview’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue. 7, February 2020, pp. 3847-3869. Deloitte (2020). ‘Investing in hydrogen – Ready, set, net zero’, November 2020. Duren, M. (2017). ‘Energy in Times After the Energy Transition’, Understanding the Bigger Energy Picture, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57966-5_3, pp.45-87. European Commission (2020). ‘A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe’, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, July 2020. EIA (no date). Hydrogen explained- Production of hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydrogen/production-of-hydrogen.php. Einav, R., Harussi, K. & Perry, D. (2002). ‘The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment’, Desalination, Vol. 152, pp.141-154. EERE (2021). Liquid Hydrogen Delivery. [online] Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/liquid-hydrogen-delivery. Giovannini, S. (2020). 50 shades of (grey and blue and green) hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://energy-cities.eu/50-shades-of-grey-and-blue-and-green-hydrogen/. Guo, Y., Li, G., Zhou, J. & Liu, Y. (2019). ‘Comparison between hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis and hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis’, Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 371, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/371/4/042022. Hague, O. (2021). What are the 3 Main Types of Hydrogen? [online] Available at: https://www.brunel.net/en/blog/renewable-energy/3-main-types-of-hydrogen. Ibeh, B., Gardner, C. & Ternan, M. (2007). ‘Separation of hydrogen from a hydrogejn/methane mixture using a PEM fuel cell’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32, Issue 7, May 2007, pp. 908-914. Ibrahim, J. M. & Moussab, H. (2020). ‘Recent advances on hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis’, Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 3, 2020, pp. 780-807. IEA (2021a). Global Hydrogen Review 2021. [online] Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2021/executive-summary. IEA (2021b). Net Zero by 2050 – A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. [online] Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050. Jeffers, B., Gutcher, S., Hassan, N., Pace, S. & Hoogendoorn, R. (2021). Hydrogen: Ready for Take Off?, University of Surrey, Multi-Disciplinary Design Project, 2020-21. Kalamara, C. M. & Efstathiou, A. M. (2013). ‘Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments’, Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Conference Papers in Energy, November 2012, Limassol, Cyprus. Khan, M. A., Al-Attas, T., Roy, S., Rahman, M. M., Ghaffour, N., Thangadurai, V., Larter, S., Hu, J., Ajayan, P. M. & Kibria, M. G. (2021). ‘Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production: a solution looking for a problem?’, Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 14, Issue 9, pp. 4831-4839. KPMG (2021). The Hydrogen Trajectory. [online] Available at: https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/11/the-hydrogen-trajectory.html. Ludwig Bölkow Systemtechnik (no date). Hydrogen Data. [online] Available at: http://www.h2data.de/. Mathiesen, B. V., Ridjan, I., Connolly, D., Nielsen, M. P., Vang Hendriksen, P., Bjerg Mogensen, M., Hojgaard Jensen, S. & Dalgaard Ebbesen, S. (2013). Technology data for high temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells, alkali and PEM electrolysers, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. McMahon, M. (2020). New Technology Seamlessly Converts Ammonia to Green Hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201118141718.htm. Melaina, M. W., Antonia, O. & Penev, M. (2013). ‘Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues’, NREL, technical report, March 2013. Milbrandt, A. & Mann, M. (2009). ‘Hydrogen Resource Assessment – Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power’, NREL, Technical Report, February 2009. National Grid (2021a). The hydrogen colour spectrum. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/hydrogen-colour-spectrum. National Grid (2021b). What is hydrogen? [online] Available at: https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/what-is-hydrogen. . Petrofac (2021). The difference between green hydrogen and blue hydrogen. [online] Available at: https://www.petrofac.com/media/stories-and-opinion/the-difference-between-green-hydrogen-and-blue-hydrogen/. PwC (2021). The green hydrogen economy – Predicting the decarbonisation agenda of tomorrow. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/energy-utilities-resources/future-energy/green-hydrogen-cost.html. Statkraft (2021). Green Ammonia: Clime Friendly Fuel for Long Distances and Heavy Tasks. [online] Available at: Green ammonia: Climate-friendly fuel for long distances and heavy tasks (statkraft.com). U.S. Department of Energy (2021). Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis. [online] Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-electrolysis. Vickers, J., Peterson, D. & Randolph, K. (2020). ‘Cost of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production with Existing Technology’, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record, Department of Energy United States of America, September 2020. Wang, A., Jens, J., Mavins, D., Moultak, M., Schimmel, M., Leun, K., Peters, D. & Buseman, M. (2021). ‘Analysing future demand, supply, and transport of hydrogen’, European Hydrogen Backbone, Guidehouse, June 2021. Wijk, A. V. & Chatzimarkakis, J. (2020). ‘Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal – A 2x40 GW Initiative’, Hydrogen Europe, March 2020. Wood Mackenzie (2020). Hydrogen production costs to 2040: Is a tipping point on the horizon? [online] Available at: https://www.woodmac.com/our-expertise/focus/transition/hydrogen-production-costs-to-2040-is-a-tipping-point-on-the-horizon/?utm_campaign=energy-transition&utm_medium=article&utm_source=gtm&utm_content=hydrogen-costs. Zumdahl, S. S. (2020). Ammonia – Chemical Compound. [online] Available at: ammonia | Definition & Uses | Britannica.

What is Civil Engineering? Civil Engineering deals with the design and construction of our physical and built environments. The Complete University Guide "At the Complete University Guide, we help students around the world to make the right choice. Our university league tables and rankings serve as a guide to which university is best for you. On this website, you'll find guidance and support for every stage of your journey to university, from choosing a course and university to researching funding and accommodation " Civil Engineering - Top 20 University 2021 List 👇 Skip the list and go to the University of your choice 👇 University of Cambridge Imperial College London University of Oxford University of Bristol University of Glasgow University of Bath University of Southampton University of Sheffield University of Leeds Loughborough University UCL (University College London) University of Strathclyde University of Nottingham University of Liverpool University of Birmingham University of Manchester Northumbria University, Newcastle Heriot-Watt University Ulster University University of Dundee 1. The University of Cambridge - Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Structures and Materials Mechanical Engineering Electrical and Information Engineering Mathematical Methods Year 2 Thermofluid Mechanics - Core Materials - Core Structures - Core Mechanics - Core Mathematical Methods - Core Business Economics - Core Information Engineering - Core Electrical Engineering - Core Year 3 Aerospace and Aerothermal Engineering Bioengineering Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electrical and Information Sciences Energy, Sustainability and the Environment Information and Computer Engineering Instrumentation and Control Mechanical Engineering Year 4 Major Individual Project Find out More at the University website: here 2. Imperial College London - Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Geotechnics - Core Civil Engineering Design I - Core Fluid Mechanics I - Core Energy and Environmental Engineering - Core Computational Methods I - Core Structural Mechanics I - Core Professional Engineering Practice (including Construction Week) - Core Mechanics - Core Mathematics I - Core Materials - Core Year 2 Soil Mechanics and Engineering Geology - Core Statistics - Core Structural Design - Core Structural Mechanics II - Core Environmental Engineering: Water Resource and Supply Engineering - Core Business and Project Management - Core Computational Methods II - Core Mathematics II - Core Fluid Mechanics II - Core Civil Engineering Design II - Core Year 3 Transport Systems - Core Environmental Engineering: Water and Wastewater Treatment, Waste and Resource Management - Core Geotechnical Engineering - Core Fluid Mechanics III - Core Computational Engineering Analysis - Core Structural Mechanics III - Core Dynamics of Structures - Core I-Explore - Core Civil Engineering Design III - Core Year 4 Individual Research Project (includes a Student Conference) - Core Find out More at the University website: here 3. University of Oxford - Civil Engineering MEng (Hon Year 1 Electrical and information engineering Structures and mechanics Mathematics Engineering practical work Energy Year 2 Electrical and information engineering Structures, materials, and dynamics Energy systems Engineering practical work Mathematics Year 3 Engineering computation Engineering practical work Engineering in society Group design project Year 4 Major Project Find out More at the University website: here 4. University of Bristol - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Engineering Mathematics 1 (20 credits) - Core Engineering by Investigation (20 credits) - Core Engineering Science (40 credits) - Core Engineering by Design (20 credits) - Core Field Methods (20 credits) - Core Year 2 Structural Materials and Design (20 credits) - Core Methods of Structural Analysis (20 credits) - Core Geomechanics (20 credits) - Core Field Methods (20 credits) - Core Engineering Mathematics 2 (20 credits) - Core Year 3 Advanced Structural Analysis - 20 credits Civil Engineering Practice- 40 credits Research Project - 40 credits Geotechnical Design - 20 credits Year 4 Students have the option to select 80 credits from the list below: Masters Research Project - 40 credits Disaster Resilience and Sustainable Development - 20 credits Infrastructure Systems Management - 20 credits Water Resources Management in a Changing World - 20 credits Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering - 20 credits Structural Earthquake Engineering - 20 credits Soil-Structure Interaction - 20 credits Probability and Statistics for Seismology and Structural Reliability - 20 credits Advanced Structural Materials and Design - 20 credits Smart Cities and Infrastructure - 20 credits Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Enterprise - 20 credits Engineering Design for Renewable Energy Systems - 20 credits Find out More at the University website: here 5. University of Glasgow - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS 1 ENGINEERING SKILLS 1 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 MATERIALS 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING 1 DYNAMICS 1 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 STATICS 1 THERMODYNAMICS 1 Year 2 SOIL MECHANICS 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROJECT 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES 2 CIVIL ENGINEERING SKILLS 2 GEOLOGY AND SURVEYING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS 2 MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES 2A MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES 2B FLUID MECHANICS 2 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2 Year 3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 3 STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 3 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 3 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS 3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROJECT 3 CIVIL DESIGN PROJECTS 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING 3 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 3 ENGINEERING HYDRAULICS 3 TRANSPORT ENGINEERING 3: URBAN STREETS AND HIGHWAYS Year 4 CIVIL DESIGN PROJECT 4 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT 4 Find out More at the University website: here 6. University of Bath - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Architectural engineering 1 Design skills Engineering mathematics and computation 1 Geology, hydrology and surveying History, theory and engineering practice Structural mechanics and materials Year 2 Architectural engineering 2 Civil infrastructure 1A: hydraulics Civil infrastructure 1B: Transportation Construction processes and management Engineering mathematics and computation 2 Soil mechanics and foundation design Structural design and construction Year 3 Civil engineering infrastructure 2 Infrastructure engineering design project Joint design project Structural and geotechnical design and analysis Year 4 Advanced infrastructure engineering Individual research dissertation: civil engineering Joint design project: civil engineering Find out More at the University website: here 7. University of Southampton - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 An Introduction to Engineering Design Civil Engineering Fundamentals Mathematics for Engineering and the Environment Mechanics, Structures and Materials ThermoFluids Year 2 City Infrastructure Design Project Hydraulics Liveable Cities Mathematics for Engineering and the Environment Part II Numerical Methods Soil Mechanics Structural Analysis Structural Design Year 3 Design 3 Geotechnical Engineering Highway and Traffic Engineering Individual Project Structural Stability and Finite Element Analysis Choose one of three modules: Environmental Hydraulics Human Factors in Engineering Railway Engineering and Operations Urban Design Urban Water and Wastewater Engineering Year 4 Group Design Project Project Economics and Management You must also choose from the following modules in year 4: Advanced Finite Element Analysis Advanced Geotechnical Engineering Advanced Structural Engineering Bioenergy Coastal and Maritime Engineering Composites Engineering Design and Mechanics Earthquake Engineering and Seismic Design of Steel Buildings Energy Performance Assessment of Buildings Energy Resources and Engineering Flood Modelling and Mitigation Renewable Energy from Environmental Flows: Wind, Wave and Tide River and Estuary Restoration Transport Management and Safety Transport Modelling Transport, Energy and the Environment Waste Resource Management Wastewater Process Engineering Find out More at the University website: here 8. University of Sheffield - Civil and Structural Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Civil Engineering Mathematics Engineering Sustainability Civil and Structural Engineering Mechanics 1 Geotechnical Engineering 1 Civil Engineering Skills Introduction to Structural Materials Engineering Introduction to Civil and Structural Engineering Design Global Engineering Challenge Week Year 2 Construction Project Management Structural Analysis I (20 credits) Engineering - You're Hired Further Civil Engineering Mathematics and Computing Water and Wastewater Structural Engineering Design and Appraisal Geotechnical Engineering 2 Pipes and Open Channel Hydraulics Year 3 Geotechnical Design Advanced Structural Analysis Advanced Structural Design and Appraisal Integrated Design Project - Detailed Design Stage Finance and Law for Engineers Integrated Design Project - Concept Design Stage Computational Engineering Mathematics Civil Engineering Research Skills Integrated Design Project - International Report and Individual Portfolio Year 4 Computational Structural Analysis Parametric Modelling and Computational Design Structural Dynamics and Applications to Vibration Design Civil Engineering Research Proposal Find out More at the University website: here 9. University of Leeds - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Engineering Surveying and Construction Technology Architecture and Environment Integrated Design Project 1 (inc Design Studio 1) Engineering Mathematics and Modelling 1 Properties of Materials: Water, Soil, Steel and Timber Structural Design and Analysis Year 2 Water Engineering and Geotechnics Civil Engineering Materials II Structural Analysis 1 Integrated Design Project 2 Structural Design 1 Sustainable Engineering Solutions Engineering Mathematics and Modelling 2 Year 3 Environmental Health Engineering in Developing Countries Integrated Design Project 3 Wastewater Engineering Foundation Engineering Fundamentals Structural Design 2 Water Engineering Individual Research Project 1 Year 4 Integrated Design Project 4 Individual Research Project 2 Find out More at the University website: here 10. Loughborough University - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Professional Skills Mathematical Modelling of Structures Structural Forms and Stress Analysis Professional Practice in Civil Engineering Engineering Materials for Construction Mechanical and Mathematical Principles of Fluid Mechanics Year 2 Practical Skills for Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics and Geology Management of Design and Construction Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures Analysis & Design of Steel and Timber Structures Open Channel Flow Design and Analysis Year 3 Further Structural Analysis and Geotechnical Design Construction Contracts, Law and Finance Research Dissertation You must also choose from the following modules: Ground Engineering and Monitoring Computational Structural Engineering Water Resources, Sustainability, and Climate Change Transport Infrastructure Engineering Year 4 Research Dissertation Teamwork Design Project Smart Cities and Mobility Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Advanced Geotechnical and Environmental Modelling You must also choose from the following modules: Innovation and Technology Construction Law and Contracts Principles and Application of BIM Smart Cities and Mobility Quantitative and Numerical Methods in Engineering Find out More at the University website: here 11. UCL (University College London) - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Engineering Challenges Professional Skills in Civil Engineering Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 1 Civil Engineering Design Structural Mechanics Engineering: Impact Assessment Materials and Applied Fluid Mechanics I Soil Mechanics Year 2 Mathematical Modelling and Analysis I Structural Analysis and Design Materials and Applied Fluid Mechanics Design and Professional Skills II Scenarios in Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics and Engineering Geology Surveying and Field Studies Year 3 Civil Engineering in Practice Structures and Material Fluids and Soils II Civil Engineering Project Year 4 Integrated Design Project - Core Optional modules: Offshore and Coastal Engineering Roads and Underground Infrastructure: Design, Construction, and Maintenance Advanced Soil Mechanics Water Resources Engineering 4 Finite-Element Modelling and Numerical Methods Urban Flooding and Drainage Structural Dynamics Advanced Structural Analysis Advanced Civil Engineering Materials Engineering Study of Rail Systems and Infrastructure Find out More at the University website: here 12. University of Strathclyde - Civil and Environmental Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Structural Mechanics & Materials 1 Civil Engineering Design Projects Basic Mechanics & Fluid Statics Engineering Geology & Soil Mechanics Civil Engineering & the Environment Year 2 Structural Mechanics & Materials 2 Land Surveying & Mapping Hydraulics & Hydrology Soil Mechanics Chemistry & Materials Science Year 3 Structural Engineering 1 Geotechnical Engineering 1 Water Engineering 1 Construction Project Management Environmental Engineering Engineering Mathematics Transport Engineering Year 4 Geotechnical Engineering 2 Water Engineering 2 Solid Waste Management and Contaminated Land Individual Project Project Planning Year 5 Civil Engineering Design Projects 5 Find out More at the University website: here 13. University of Nottingham - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Hydraulics 1 Group Project Portfolio of Civil Engineering Studies 1 Structural Analysis Mathematical Methods for Civil Engineering Geotechnics 1 Year 2 Hydraulics 2 Fundamentals of Materials Civil and Structural Steel Design Project Portfolio of Civil Engineering Studies 2 Structural Analysis 2 Geotechnics 2 Advanced Mathematical Methods Year 3 Structural Concrete Design Geotechnics 3 Building Information Modelling (BIM) Project Hydraulic Design and Experiments Optional Modules: Mapping for Engineering Surveying and GIS (autumn) Engineering Risk Assessment Traffic Engineering Advanced Mathematical Techniques in Ordinary Differential Equations for Engineers Year 4 Individual Investigative Project Group Design Project Optional Modules: Sustainable Construction and Life Cycle Assessment Railway Technology Highway and Pavement Design Dynamics and Wind Engineering Coastal Engineering Managing Infrastructure and Systems Advanced Structural Analysis Geotechnical Modelling Advanced Structural Design Find out More at the University website: here 14. University of Liverpool - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Civil and architectural engineering project Digitalization of the built environment Geomechanics 1 Introduction to statistics and programming for engineers Introduction to the digital built environment Engineering mathematics Solids and structures 1 Introduction to structural materials Year 2 Engineering Mathematics II Geomechanics 2 Group design project Hydraulics Reinforced concrete and steelwork Structural engineering in the built environment 2 Environmental planning and infrastructure project Experimental methods Programming for civil engineers Fluid mechanics Field theory, partial differential equations & methods of solution Year 3 (The year three modules are currently being reviewed) Geotechnical engineering Individual project Sustainable water engineering Year 4 Advanced Geomechanics Capstone: Multidisciplinary project Structural systems Materials for durable and sustainable construction Risk and uncertainty: Probability theory Advanced construction management Uncertainty, reliability and risk 1 Find out More at the University website: here 15. University of Birmingham Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Electrical engineering Engineering materials Engineering mathematics 1 Fluid mechanics and energy transfer Integrated design project 1A Integrated design project 1B Introduction to computing for engineers Mechanics 1 Year 2 Construction practice and management Engineering mathematics 2 Geotechnical engineering 1 Integrated design project 2 Materials engineering 1 Open channel flow hydraulics Structural engineering 1 Year 3 Structural engineering 2 Materials engineering 2 Geotechnical engineering 2 Applied fluid mechanics Water transmission and treatment Integrated design project 3 Optional Modules: Industrial project 1 Capability systems engineering Civil engineering group management project A Civil engineering group management project B Surface and groundwater hydrology Year 4 Geotechnical engineering 3 Individual engineering project Materials engineering 3 Structural engineering 3 Optional Modules: Management theme Financial decision making in the business environment Synoptic engineering Engineering production and risk management in construction Civil engineering group management project B Sustainable construction Roads/Transportation theme Water theme Structural theme Geotechnics theme Financial decision-making in the business environment Synoptic engineering Engineering production and risk management in construction Civil engineering group management project B Sustainable construction Management theme Financial decision-making in the business environment Synoptic engineering Engineering production and risk management in construction Civil engineering group management project B Sustainable construction Find out More at the University website: here 16. University of Manchester Year 1 Structures 1 (Civil) Mathematics 1M1 Mathematics 1M2 Exploring Enterprise Entrepreneurial Skills Materials 1 (Civil) Geotechnics 1 Design 1 (Civil) Hydraulics 1 Mechanics (Civil) Civil Engineering Practice Tools for Civil Engineers Year 2 Structures 2 (Civil) Geotechnics 2 Steel & Concrete Structures Hydraulics 2 Design 2 (Civil) Materials 2 (Civil) Project Management (Civil) Computing & Numerical Methods (Civil) Modelling & Simulation (Civil) Surveying Tools & Techniques for Enterprise Mathematics 2M1 Year 3 Mandatory Modules Geotechnics 4 Operations Management Structural Design & Materials Geotechnics 3 Hydraulics 3 Structures 3 (Civil) Individual Project Design 3 (Civil) Optional Modules: Resource Efficiency & Sustainable Waste Management Tools & Techniques for Enterprise Nuclear Systems Renewable Energy Systems Interdisciplinary Sustainable Development Year 4 Mandatory Modules: Civil Group Design Project Water Resource Planning & Management Civil Engineering Design Environmental Assessment Optional Modules: Earthquake Engineering Computational Hydraulics Fire Engineering Legal Issues Engineering Foresight Find out More at the University website: here 17. Northumbria University, Newcastle Year 1 Design and Materials Land Surveying Introduction to Mechanics & Structures Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Soil Mechanics Introduction to Structural Design Academic Language Skills for Mechanical and Construction Engineering (Core – for International and EU students only) Engineering Analytics Year 2 Construction Project Management & Digital Engineering 1 [BIM] Engineering Geology & Geotechnics Structural Analysis Structural Design Hydraulics and Hydrology Preparing for Placement Academic Language Skills for Mechanical and Construction Engineering (Core – for International and EU students) Further Mathematics Year 3 Core Modules: Academic Language Skills for Mechanical and Construction Engineering (Core – for International and EU students only) Optional Modules: Year in International Business (This is made up of modules studied in Newcastle (Semester 1) & Amsterdam (Semester 2) Work Placement Year Study abroad year Year 4 Academic Language Skills for Mechanical and Construction Engineering (Core – for International and EU students only,0 Credits) Environmental Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Integrated Group Design Project Civil Engineering Research Project Structural Analysis and Modelling Year 5 Academic Language Skills for Mechanical and Construction Engineering (Core – for International and EU students only) Infrastructure Engineering Design Highway and Railway Engineering Structural Integrity and Historical Engineering Geotechnical Instabilities Interdisciplinary Group Project Building Information Modelling Management, Theory and Practice Find out More at the University website: here 18. Heriot-Watt University - Civil Engineering MEng (Hons) Year 1 Mechanics A Construction Technology 1 Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists 1 Shaping Tomorrow Together A Mechanics B Introduction to Materials Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists 2 Shaping Tomorrow Together B Year 2 Analysis of Determinate Structures Hydraulics and Hydrology A Surveying and GIS Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists 3 Civil Engineering Materials Stress Analysis and Element Strength Design Studies A - Problem Solving Statistics for Science Year 3 Design of Steel Elements Transportation Design, Infrastructure and Society Indeterminate Structures Geology and Soil Properties Hydraulics and Hydrology B Geotechnics A - Introduction to Soil Mechanics Design of Concrete Elements Environmental Technology and Management Year 4 Dissertation 1 Geotechnics B - Soil Strength Optional course Optional courses include: Sustainability for Construction Professionals Plastic Analysis of Structures Structural Element Design Highway Engineering Environmental Geotechnics Finite Element Method Linear Analysis Urban Drainage and Water Supply Water and Wastewater Treatment. Year 5 Semester 1 Civil Engineering Professional Design Project Optional course Optional course Semester 2 Students take four 15-credit courses from a range of options. Optional courses include: Water and Wastewater Treatment. Design of Low-Carbon Buildings Advanced Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Advanced Design of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Structures Environmental Hydrology and Water Resources Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Finite Element Method Nonlinear Analysis Ground Engineering, Human Factor Methods Statistical Modelling of the Environment River Flow and Flood Modelling, Stability and Dynamics Structural Materials Safety, Risk and Reliability Urban Drainage and Water Supply, Water and Wastewater Treatment Construction Financial Management Project Management: Strategic Issues Project Management: Theory and Practice, Value and Risk Management Environmental Planning Find out More at the University website: here 19. Ulster University Year 1 Materials Mathematics - BEng Sustainable Construction and Traffic Engineering Engineering Mechanics Digital Construction and Communication Surveying Year 2 Mathematics for Engineers Safety in Design Geotechnics 2 Water Resources 2 Structures 2 Structural Engineering Design 2 Year 3 Professional Practice - Civil Engineering Year 4 Construction Management Soil Mechanics 4 Structural analysis and design 4 Optional Modules: Civil Engineering Design Environmental Engineering 4 Project Empirical Data collection and Analysis Project Literature Review and Methodology Dissertation Literature Review and Methodology Dissertation Empirical Data collection and Analysis Highways and Transportation Engineering Year 5 Project Management Integrated Design studies A Structural Design for Infrastructure Infrastructure Design Studies Sustainable Development Optional Modules: Advanced Materials, Structures and Geotechnics Numerical Modelling Waste Systems Utilities and Water Engineering Structural Fire Engineering Highway Asset Management Find out More at the University website: here 20. University of Dundee Year 1 Personal Development Planning Communication in Professional Practice Civil Engineering Project Engineering Materials Mechanics Science and Engineering Mathematics 1A Engineering Project 1 Science and Engineering Mathematics 1B Introduction to Structural Analysis Year 2 Personal Development Planning Solid Mechanics Geomechanics Fluid Mechanics Mathematics for Engineers Civil Engineering Project II Surveying Structures Engineering Design Software Civil Engineering Project I Year 3 Fluid Mechanics Mathematics for Engineers II Steel and Concrete Structures Soil Mechanics Structural Analysis Civil Engineering Materials and the Environment Digital Structural Analysis and Design Year 4 Water Resources and Treatment Structural Design Construction Management I Conceptual Design Project Geotechnical Design Individual Research Project Year 5 Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Project Management Advanced Structural Analysis Multi-Disciplinary Project Sustainable Construction Find out More at the University website: here Coming soon: 20. University of Dundee 21. The University of Edinburgh 22. Newcastle University 23. University of Surrey 24. Cardiff University 25. Queen's University Belfast 26. Swansea University 27. University of Plymouth 28. University of Reading 29. Teesside University, Middlesbrough 30. Nottingham Trent University Get notified: here

I still remember how my grandfather emphasised the incidents of World War 2, which affected every single country. He used to tell me about the armies and old techniques to win the war, people's life which was greatly affected, the way they used to live, and several other stories. But what profoundly intrigued me and inspired me was the post-war stories and rapid developments. Now, it is also worth remembering that the predominance of war crimes bought stress and frustration altogether. Hence, there was the use of several techniques to overcome it. However, you must know that the most fascinating was the revolution from changing surroundings through architecture. Could you recall any architectural style which essentially focussed on this particular problem? Mate, not on your nelly I am telling you about the answer. You have to find it by yourself and tell me in the comments. Meanwhile, I am introducing one of many architectural styles that coincides with the minimalist interior decor trending today, the Brutalist architecture. So without further ado, let's proceed learning about the same. What Is Brutalist Architecture? First things first, understanding the term is the crucial part before we start to evaluate the style. To commence with: it is necessary to remember that the originator of the word Brutalist seems fair to have a connection with Hans Asplund, son of Gunnar Asplund. He gave the invention the term through a letter to Eric de Mare, further reprinted in 1956 in Architectural Review. However, you can neglect the controversy leading the way. Let me help you to understand it. He wrote, “Judging from their drawings, I called them in a mildly sarcastic way 'Neo-Brutalists.” Now the version of understanding the term Neo-Brutalists, which spread in England was misleading as Neo-Brutalist never meant Neo Gothic or Neo Classic, but instead New Brutalism. It described a programme or an attitude to architecture. In this way, the term Brutalist reached England back by three architects (one of which is Asplund). What's more about it? I will let you know in the below sections. Coming towards the word Brutalist, let us understand the meaning. The term originates from the French word 'Beton-brut,' which means raw concrete. So, in a way, you can starkly put brutalist style in brief descriptive terms of rough and naked appearances. Furthermore, it bought innovative structures by using raw concrete for decor and forbidding any ornamentation or decoration. Brutalist buildings were also easily recognised by their monochromatic-pattern of building through brick or concrete. Now that you understand the elementary meaning, you must also know its first execution. To add on, the term Brutalism first appeared when Alison Smithson used it for an unexecuted project for a house in Colville Place. However, the finest example of Brutalism in architecture is The Unité d’Habitation in Marseille, designed by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, also considered the birth of Brutalism. Well, that is a lot of information. Moving forward, let me take you to the pages of History to help you understand the origin of Brutalist architecture. History Of Brutalism In Architecture. Before we proceed to the section, let me raise a question. Until you learned about Brutalist Architecture, what was your impression of its true meaning? As soon as I heard about it, I thought of something wilder or more brutal. However, after learning it unreservedly, I laughed at my foolishness and comprehended how stupid I had been. Never mind, Better late than ever! So finally, I came across the actual core of the term, which I explained in the meaning section. As you know briefly, the term brutalism articulates itself with the aesthetics of the Le Corbusier residential unit in Marseille in 1952 and the context of the french term meaning concrete. Concrete, in its raw state, was an entirely original and new solid structure. The main aspects of this brutalist building that make it more creative are not its size and arrangement but its simplicity due to concrete. Back in the mid-twentieth century, when the United Kingdom was economically depressed due to World War 2, the communities tried to look out for inexpensive construction and design methods for housing, shopping centres and government buildings. In this hunt, Brutalism gained a power drive. In the wake of World War 2, Brutalism developed as a philosophical and architectural style. Now you must ask a question, why concrete? Due to the European economy's crumbling, they had to use inexpensive materials, eventually resulting concrete, as metal was unsustainable. Despite this, raw materials such as wood, brick, glass, steel and raw-stones were not restricted. You must also know that there were numerous architects who chose brutalist architecture for its honesty with the uncompromising natural style and embracing the rough components without any improvements. Now it does have both positive and negative aspects of modern architecture, according to the critics. Some opponents of this style believed that a brutalist building can cause fear or crime because of their rigid and unified appearance. Additionally, they deduced that the humidity and cloudy weather of the ocean climate could quickly destroy these buildings. This kind of climate leaves algae and lichen due to the presence of water spots, causing rust to the structure. On the other hand, the positive ones appreciate the bluntness of the materials in the distinguished and integrated form of architecture. As far as my opinions are concerned, I feel that it boldly expresses structure through clean lines, rough textures, and classic design. Now that you know the former narrative: let me take you to the characteristics of these buildings. What Are The Characteristics Of Brutalist Architecture? It is time to discuss the appearance of the Brutalist buildings through our one instance. Dont get caught up in the trap that even after reading this, you would not be able to identify as practicality differs. Not so, because I guarantee once you read this section, you will know all the characteristics of the Brutalist architecture. Buildings designed in the brutalism style have repetitive angular geometries, and the texture reveals that wooden forms were used to cast the concrete over wood. Few buildings may achieve the look of a rocky, blocky appearance in the expression of structural materials; not all have a concrete semblance. They do include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone and trapion. It is not enough as we have more. Not all buildings with exposed concrete interiors are brutalist since they may be included in architectural styles such as Constructivism, International style or Expressionism. Therefore, you have to learn more things to differentiate the type. Brutalist architecture follows modernism in the function of the form. So one takeaway is that the architects pay less attention to ornamented facades and decorations, emphasising the elementary elements and materials through utility. It means that the construction framework is biased towards the operation instead of a design to cover these mechanical operators and supporting structures. So the first attention point of these buildings is their utility (what is needed to operate) in the most solutionist form. A structure's snappiest deciphering will reveal more Brutalist references. For example, try to code out your room walls. What do they have behind them? A brick and a concrete wall covered with plaster and wallpaper or tiles for final touches. So much back-forth, but in Brutalist architecture, all you see is the concrete wall. There are no fancy stairways, lining ladders, expensive silk drapes, or anything for distraction. The least distance you cover between a material and its function in Brutalism, the more effective it is. In short words, Rawness! To briefly conclude, I can summarise the features of Brutalist architecture in the shortest points below- There is a use of varied or contrasting textures and materials. A sense of bulkier mass, weight and scale is present in these buildings. Few parts of the buildings have geometric differentiation, causing a dramatic effect. Building an architectural image that conveys a powerful message. But, hey, there is more. In conclusion, I never meant that we ended too fast. There are three characteristics, according to Reyner Banham, which you must know to identify Brutalist architecture. And I am shooting them right below. There must be a clear exhibition of the structure. The emphasis was on primary construction, often even vertical communications. You have to omit the outer layers as they hide the original appearance, aesthetics of construction and basic materials. There is no later processing of the construction materials used as the valuation of the materials is in their raw or original forms. There is a powerful memorability of the image, which can give us a perception of the architectural work clearly and comprehensively. It must have a form which can confirm the building or the structure. For example- At Boston city hall (designed in 1962), there are striking sections, indicating the strikingly different nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor office or city council chambers. In order to understand the critiques of Brutalist architecture, we discussed its attributes in this section. I hope now you are the prime mover among the crowd to recognise Brutalism! What Do Critiques Say About Brutalist Architecture? Before we purely discuss what the critiques said on Brutalist architecture, let me give you a power dose of its ideology. I am not creating its entire section since it is quick and blends well with this section headline. Brutalism {concerning architectural philosophy} tilts towards a socialist utopian ideology instead of displaying a style. And it is supported by designers, especially Alison and Peter (more about them later in the below sections). Some critics also argue that due to its abstract nature, it is unfriendly and uncommunicative instead of being integrated. As a result, the positive communities for Brutalist structures were excluded, however, the Second World War brought several urban changes to the UK, making Brutalist structures ideology unpopular. Coming on the critics part, let me tell you at the very first that much of the criticism was due to its use of concrete as bare substance. Charles, Prince of Wales, has several speeches and writings against Brutalist architecture. He says, "You have to give this much to the Luftwaffe" at the Corporation of London Planning and Communication committee's annual dinner in 1987. Now you know the critical subject is that the European climate can erode the structures, making them unsafe as the steel reinforcing bars are ruined due to the dampening and water effect. A British author, Theodore Dalrymple, says that these brutalist buildings are inhuman and monstrous and even cold-hearted as it does not age gracefully but instead stain and decay, making other styles superior. Hence, there were many against this architectural style. However, I still have a few good points, which I mentioned earlier. With all that we have learned about Brutalist architecture, let us prepare to veil its best structures. The Best Brutalist Buildings. In the late 1960s, there was an ongoing campus expansion in North America, resulting in an increased number of Brutalist Buildings at universities. Now, it all began with the Paul Rudolphs 1958 Yale Art and Architectural Building and soon spread over the area. In this section, I am showing you five masterpieces experimenting brutalist architecture. But, before we proceed, there is a little task for you. While you process the information on buildings, you have to do a quick mind test if you find the odd geometric shape in just 5 seconds. This way, you will never forget the article and the valuable particulars you read here. 1. University of Illinois-Chicago Circle Campus. Due to its stone metaphor-dropping gorgeous effect through a water pond, the brutalist design of the building makes it a point of interest. The elevated express walkways serve a purpose for pedestrians, walking even in enormous numbers. It is particularly alienated from nearby residents by a close boundary of nature within the student's area. Architect: Walter A. Netsch Location: Chicago, United States Typology: Educational Institute Project Year: 1965 Materials: Concrete, Minnesota granite, and Brick 2. McLennan Library. Named in honour of Isabella McLennan, the library is an in-house research book house for graduates. The enormous, seven-storey reinforced structure is the substantial McGill library, located south of the modern part of Redpath Hall. The outer shell consists of identical pre-cast concrete panels attached to the reinforced concrete frame. The central stairwell and elevator control the excessive traffic, and each floor has maximum space capacity, which ensures good reading areas. Architect: Dobush, Stewart, and Bourke Location: McGill University, Montreal, Canada Typology: University (Education) Project Year: 1967-69 Materials: steel frame clad in concrete panels 3. Burnside Hall. Surrounded by the Macdonald-Stewart library, Pulp and Paper research institute and Otto Maass Chemistry building, it is a thirteen-storey structure with a concrete slab attached to the reinforced concrete frame. It includes an underground tunnel system which connects the science and engineering department. Furthermore, it encompasses various entrances to facilitate traffic mobility between classes. The building's outer shell blends well with other campus structures despite its lack of ornament other than its fenestration pattern. Architect: Marshall, Merrett, and Assoc Location: Montreal Canada Typology: University campus Project Year: 1970 Materials: concrete slabs with a frame of reinforced concrete frame 4. Birmingham Central Library Building. The cantilevered volume provides shelter to the entrance with an immense-balcony, and the discovery garden is a centre of learning and information with a structural beauty. It includes a circular courtyard with a protected outdoor space, which depends on the daylight in the building. Interconnectivity and overlapping rotundas between the floors provide good ventilation. Architect: Mecanno Location: Birmingham UK Typology: Library/ Theatre Concert Hall Project Year: 2013 Materials: Concrete 5. The Conventary School Of Art And Design Graham Sutherland Building. A rectangular-shaped building with numerous pillars and mirrored windows is the signature style of the university, which is a hub for art lovers. Architect: John Smith Location: University of Coventry - Coventry, UK Typology: Educational institute Project Year: 1967 Materials: Concrete and glass More Examples Of Brutalist Architecture- are the Stephan Leacock building at McGill University in Montreal, the Academic Quadrangle and WAC Bennett Library at Simon Fraser University, the john Andrews building of the University of Toronto Scarborough, the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, Cambridge and Dunelm House, University of York, and Cambridge and Churchill college. Famous Brutalist Architects. There are several brutalist architects, but the most concerned and crucial, which you should not miss by any chance, include Erno Goldfinger, Alison and Peter Smithson, and Sir Deny Lasdun. Furthermore, the three finest Brutalist architecture works in Australia are Robin Gibson Queensland Art Gallery, ken Woolley Fisher Library at the University of Sydney and the High Court of Australia by Colin Madigan in Canberra. The purpose of this briefing is to inform you about some of the contributors in this section who are of a Brutalist style. Fortunately, the article is on the verge of completion, but wait, it isn't over yet. Fast Forward Conclusion. By now, you might already have understood that Brutalist architecture is a form of expression, geometry, and textures where majorly, wood, bricks and concretes are its aesthetic. All of it began in England, so it is an integral part of the nation's history with a development infused. Hey London Blokes! Could anyone relate to the past or have some air in these structures while vibing with the environment? Tell me in the comments below.

Leadership styles Leadership essentially can be described as a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people (Mullins, 2016). Leadership styles can be classified according to the way authority is used. The authoritarian leadership style leans towards McGregor’s theory X and Taylorism. A consultative leadership style associated with the project-lead structure leans toward McGregor’s Theory Y and the managerial grid of Blake & Mouton (1964) which emphasises a more democratic, employee self-direction approach, focusing on motivating and having people at the centre. Some pros and cons of both authoritarian and consultative styles are listed in Table 1 and Table 2. AUTHORITARIAN (THEORY X) CONSULTATIVE (THEORY Y) Action Centred Leadership (ACL) The style and process of leadership are directly associated with the activities of groups and teams’ efficiency. The ACL as found by Adair (1973), highlights the core actions (see Figure 1) for effective leadership which is not based on any leadership style (MindTools, 2022). The action by the leader in any of the core actions will affect one or both of the other actions, with the ideal position being when all three actions are integrated. These actions are grouped into achieving the common task, developing and meeting the needs of individual team members and building and maintaining the team. Whilst the formal authoritarian style focuses more on the tasks, procedures and achieving business targets it is neglecting the needs of the group and individuals. The consultative style on the other side has a higher focus on the developing of the individual and building a well-functioning team however a lower focus is given to the task at hand. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out by Fiedler’s Contingency Theory that there is no such thing as the ‘right style’ of leadership as it is based on the task that fits both the requirements of the leader and staff. Contingency Theory Definition: Contingency theory was introduced which looked at organisational effectiveness and looked at the best way to manage the organisation based on the task and manager fit. Pioneers of contingency were Lawrence and Lorch and Burn and Stalker. Contingency theory suggests that there is no one best design of an organisation as it depends on the best fit between task and manager and the circumstances in which it operates. Depending on the tasks the situational leadership theory can be applied which states that as the level of maturity of the follower continues to increase in terms of accomplishing a specific task, the leader should begin to reduce task behaviour and increase relationship behaviour. Get MULLINS Book REFERENCES: Mullins, L. J., 2016. Management and organisational behaviour. 11th ed. London: Pearson . MindTools, 2022. Herzberg's Motivators and Hygiene Factors Learn How to Motivate Your Team. [Online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/herzberg-motivators-hygiene-factors.htm indeed.com, 2021. 4 Types of Organizational Structures. [Online] Available at: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/functional-structure Harvard (HBS), 2019. 5 PROS & CONS OF AUTHORITATIVE LEADERSHIP. [Online] Available at: https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/authoritative-leadership-style

Source from UNREAL ENGINE What is Metadata? Metadata is about the container controlling its position and status in the process. The metadata is a set of data that gives information about other data. ISO 19650 series requires, as a minimum, the following metadata within the Common Data Environment (CDE). Every container should document a single building zone or asset (location), contained within a single volume of space What is CDE? A common data environment (CDE) is a digital information platform that centralizes project data storage and access, typically related to construction projects and building information modeling (BIM) workflows. The data stored in a CDE originally consisted of BIM data and information. Definition by Trimble Key metadata components (example): File naming Revision and versioning Status of container contents – what it can be used for Location Federation or volume Originator Type of information in the container Unique reference number Also Recommended to you: What are BIM dimensions? (4D, 5D, 6D,7D) Source: BS1192:2007 Structures of names: which gives the revisions and status code. It shows the iterative nature of the information as it progresses to completion. File container revision codes: Revision code is required to track the progression of a file or document to its completion and authorization. It provides audited change control. Purpose/status codes: o What the information in the container can be safely used for. o Status defines the FITNESS of information in a model, drawing, or document. It allows each design discipline to control the use to which their information may be put. Some examples of status codes are: S1: fit for coordination D1: fit for costing A: fit for construction Spatial coordination location o The location is required for the asset’s coordinates in the world and the project. Early work looks at the position in the building such as the floor level, room/space, or a more generic view of infrastructures such as area zone or linear position (a linear reference between two positions) o Spatial coordination of BIM is basically generated model data 2D or 3D as agreed project coordinate system and true height above project datum Model segregation – Volume/federation parts o A volume defines the extent of model files, and one or more model files (referenced files) can relate to a volume. A volume is restricted to a level or location, in a two-dimensional sense that does not combine multiple levels or locations. Pieces of the same discipline, without overlapping or leaving any gaps is a volume. If other discipline's volumes are then overlaid, a composite of multi-authored information will produce the complete project model