by H. Larry Elman When you started your career as an engineer, what was your initial months like? Was it tough? Were you scared? I did like to hear how about your experience when you started out. Before entering MIT, I had a small amount of technical job experience. In 1st Term Sophmore I was required to design an entire aircraft, from the proverbial “clean sheet of paper.” A few months later, I took student employment as a wind tunnel test technician on a real wind tunnel -- we had the trans-sonic and supersonic performance tests of the actual B-70 (small steel model). I chose “Coop" which meant overload and Summer School BUT 6 months hands-on as a Junior Engineer at Douglas Aircraft Flight Test Division…..AS A JUNIOR ENGINEER ON THE FLIGHT TEST TEAM FOR THE DC-8 JET AIRLINER, 1958. I was NOT scared; it was NOT tough. Interesting. At times trivial, but at times challenging. Just a job. But notice how carefully I had been groomed for it. However, there was one incident which defined much of my career and reputation from age 18 or 19 on. All major aircraft components were tested to failure in the lab in “Environmental Chambers.” That is engineer talk for “run the equipment to destruction while it is inside (alternately) huge stoves or huge refrigerators.” One day I was to assist a very senior hydraulics specialist engineer. We entered the chamber and I noticed a drain hole directly below the flap actuator we were testing. The other side of that drain was a rubber hose leading to AND THROUGH the chamber wall. I looked outside - that rubber hose lay on the ground beneath the chair and table where someone was to be stationed to take notes. I suggested that the hose needed to lead elsewhere and be restrained. I got told that I was too junior to be allowed an opinion. An older technician politely explained to the high ranking hydraulics specialist that my comment was valid and company safety regs were being violated. The hydraulics specialist uttered some remarks about how the labour union sabotaged company schedules and how all techies needed to be fired. When everybody calmed down, His Royal Ass stationed ME directly over the still unrestrained rubber hose. I demanded the hose be tied down. Someone from the Union, someone from Safety, His Royal Hydraulics Expert, the most senior Techie -- all went into conference, and a tie-down was arranged. The final 3 feet of it was an aluminium tube which His Royalty bent BY HAND to aim at the feet of whoever was to be taking data. Even with all this, things escalated and I was amazed at how many profane exclamations I could utter while retaining a calm voice and a coherent description of TEST STAND SAFETY. He replied with distinct threats of my being fired. I inquired about the marital status of several generations of his forebears and told him I would be at my desk in the office. I left. I was at my desk, Marks Handbook was opened to the Hydraulics Testing Chapter, and the Douglas Flight Test Safety Handbook was beside it. A fairly senior manager came over and asked what I was doing. I BSed that I was so snowed by the brilliance of the hydraulics guy that I had to come up and read a textbook. Just after he walked away, a siren went off -- the siren indicating major injuries on a test stand. The manager went RUNNING by. Remember the hand-bent aluminum pipe attached to the end of the drain hose? When the flap actuator failed in that first test run, 3000 psi hydraulic pressure went directly into the drain hose and STRAIGHTENED OUT the aluminum pipe…..DIRECTLY into the crotch of the hydraulics engineer who had ordered ME to stand RIGHT THERE and take data. The high-pressure hydraulic fluid was at VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE. He was out on sick leave for quite some time. The high manager? After things calmed down, he came over to my desk and made some sarcastic remarks about my reading Marks Handbook. They were more sardonic than critical, and my leaving my “assigned location" never came up. My careful attention to SAFETY and my reputation on that issue began there. Do you have a question/story about career advice ? Submit it here and get it published on our site

A column is a structural element that transfers the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below through compression. Column history goes back to the Ancient Egyptians where stoned columns were firstly constructed Nowadays most of the columns are made of a combination of concrete and steel ( reinforced concrete) Three main failure mode of concrete columns are Buckling, Pure Compression and Shear. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 1.Buckling: Slender structural members loaded axially in compression will experience buckling. A relatively slender compression member (e.g. a column) may deflect laterally and fail by bending rather than failing by direct compression. The behaviour can be demonstrated by compressing a plastic ruler. When lateral bending occurs, we can say that the column has buckled. Buckling is one of the major causes of failures in structures, and therefore the possibility of buckling should always be considered in the design. Are you a student? Join the SI Platform now Submit your work 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥 Definition of Bending Moment A bending moment (BM) is a measure of the bending effect that can occur when an external force (or moment) is applied to a structural element that causes the element to deform and bend. This concept is important in structural engineering as it is can be used to calculate where, and how much bending may occur when forces are applied determining the maximum deformation a structural member will undergo. A simple way to visualise bending moment is a diagram of a simply supported beam which means both ends of the beam can rotate and hence there is no bending moment at those locations. The diagram below shows that maximum bending moment is governed in the mid-span of this simply supported beam and maximum shear occurs at the supports. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students SI's Choice 2.Pure Compression: Compression is one of the fundamental mechanics of deformable bodies. DEFINITION: compression /kəmˈprɛʃ(ə)n/ noun the action of compressing or being compressed. the reduction in volume (causing an increase in pressure) of the fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine before ignition. The axial force P acting at the cross-section is the resultant of the continuously distributed stresses. Elements that are pushed together or carry a load, that tend to compress, the forces are called compressive stress. 3.Shear: Tension is about pulling and compression is about pushing, then shear is about SLIDING. Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. Shear strain = angle through which material is distorted as a result of shear stress N. William A. Nash defines shear force in terms of planes: "If a plane is passed through a body, a force acting along this plane is called a shear force or shearing force." Sources: Wikipedia , Mechanics of Materials , Structures , designingbuildingsWiki If you want to better understand these concepts we would recommend this book. Structures OR WHY THINGS DONT FALL DOWN, J. E. Gordon Key features 🌉🏢 Main Topics: General understanding of Structures Content Summary: Compression and bending structures, Tension structures, The difficult birth of the science of elasticity. BUY at Amazon here: https://amzn.to/2YKQsx4 This book is ideal for someone that is considering studying civil engineering. The book provides a fundamental understanding of basic concepts and explains the history behind the complex formulas used in solid mechanics. It is for anyone who has wondered why suspension bridges don't collapse under eight lanes of traffic, how dams hold back thousands of gallons of water, or what principles guide the design of skyscraper. Suggested by Elon Musk: When Musk started SpaceX, he was coming from a coding background. But he took it upon himself to learn the fundamentals of rocket science. "It is really, really good if you want a primer on structural design," Musk said in an interview with KCRW, a Southern California radio station. You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

A hydraulic jump 🌊 is a phenomenon that is frequently observed in open channels such as rivers, canals, spillways and weirs and is engineered for purposes of dissipating excess amounts of energy. A hydraulic jump is formed when high-velocity liquid flow is discharged into a zone of lower velocity, creating an abrupt increase in depth hence, dissipating huge amounts of energy ⚡️. This energy is the alteration of the flow’s initial kinetic energy to potential energy with some energy lost unavoidably in the form of friction, turbulence, eddying, heat and noise in the process. The distinctive behaviour of supercritical flow and sub-critical flow is analysed to the extent of understanding the reason for the formation of the hydraulic jump. Moreover, the parameter of the Froude number (Fr) is very useful towards the understanding of the occurrence of energy dissipation and the creation of the hydraulic jump. Conservation equations such as mass, linear momentum, Froude number and energy are used to investigate and detail analyse the flow of open-channel. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice PRINCIPLES 📚 In 1914, Raleigh calculated the change in fluid depth associated with the shock wave from a hydraulic jump and introduced the principles of continuity and conservation of momentum. To better understand the hydraulic jump an understanding of the Froude Number should be made. In simplification, Fr number is a dimensionless quantity that is an indicator of resistance of objects moving in the water and hence the type of the water flow can be defined. In order to have a hydraulic jump, the Froude number needs to be greater than or equal to 1 which can be defined as Super-critical flow (Fr>1) or critical flow (Fr=1) respectively. Are you a student? Join the SI Platform now Submit your work 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥 As shown in figure1 the hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high velocity (V1) discharges into a zone of lower velocity (V2). This sudden change in velocity creates an abrupt increase in depth which is typically accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment and surface undulations which contribute to the inevitable loss of energy E of the flow. V1 is the supercritical flow and it occurs at depths below the critical depth which is the depth at the point of minimum energy. Whereas, V2 is known as sub-critical flow and occurs above the critical depth. Weak (Undular) jump (1 < Fr1 < 2.5) 💪 Oscillating jump (2.5 < Fr1 < 4.5) 💪💪 Steady Jump (4.5 < Fr1 < 9) 💪💪💪 Strong jump (Fr1 > 9) 💪💪💪💪💪 Visit Structures Insider Engineering to find more ENGINEERING USES 🛠 The most common use of hydraulic jumps is the dam's spillways. The hydraulic jump is used to dissipate large quantities of energy. The reason for this energy dissipation is due to some factors: To decelerate the excess kinetic energy of the liquid so to not damage the structure of the dam and cause failure. It prevents the erosion of the downstream dam surface since the velocity is lowered. Hydraulic jumps are ideal for the mixing of chemicals for water purification and treatment plans purposes. Additionally, because of the high turbulent flow, the phenomenon of air entrainment is observed which is useful for removing waste and pollution from the flowing river. A Book that may help Mechanics of Fluids, Bernard Massey Key features 🌊 Main Topics: Fundamental Knowledge of Fluid Mechanics. Content Summary: Viscosity, Bernoulli's equation, Fluids in Motion, Flow with a Free Surface, Laminar Flow, The Momentum Equation... BUY at Amazon here: https://amz37AcRBzn.to/ "It is a book for engineers rather than mathematicians" The book introduces the basic principles of fluid mechanics in a detailed and clear manner. This bestselling textbook provides the sound physical understanding of fluid flow that is essential for an honours degree course in civil or mechanical engineering as well as courses in aeronautical and chemical engineering. Focusing on the engineering applications of fluid flow, rather than mathematical techniques, students are gradually introduced to the subject, with the text moving from the simple to the complex, and from the familiar to the unfamiliar. SI units are used throughout and there are many worked examples. You May Also Like: REFERENCES · Douglas, J. (2011). Fluid mechanics. Harlow: Prentice Hall, pp.547-550. · Aboutcivil.org. (2019). Hydraulic Jump - Calculation, Effects & Applications of Hydraulic Jump. [online] Available at: https://www.aboutcivil.org/hydraulic-jump-calculations-effects-applications.html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019]. · Aboutcivil.org. (2019). Hydraulic Jump - Calculation, Effects & Applications of Hydraulic Jump. [online] Available at: https://www.aboutcivil.org/hydraulic-jump-calculations-effects-applications.html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019]. · The Constructor. (2019). Hydraulic Jump -Types and Characteristics of Hydraulic Jump. [online] Available at: https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/hydraulic-jump-types-characteristics/12091/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

What does Buckling mean? Buckling is one of the major causes of failures in structures and particularly in slender columns. Buckling is caused by the failure in compression due to the material strength and stiffness properties but also from instability and geometric failure. Buckling is the sudden change in the shape of a structural component under loads such as the bowing of a column under compression or the wrinkling of a plate under shear. A member is said to have buckled when the structure suddenly changes shape. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The transition between stable and unstable conditions happens at a value called " critical buckling load "( Pcr ) which can be calculated using Euler’s Formula. Where: Pcr = Critical Buckling load 𝐸 = Elastic Modulus 𝐼 = least second moment of area (I=bd3/12) Stated that 𝐸 and 𝐼 are material constants, the linear relationship between the length and critical load can be found. Stable, Unstable and Neutral Equilibrium Stable Equilibrium ( 0 < P < Pcr ) When an axial load is less than the critical load and the geometry of the strut is straight 𝜃=0. Unstable Equilibrium (P > Pcr ) When an axial load is greater than the critical load. Nevertheless, the structure is still in equilibrium if the angle is kept to 0 degrees (𝜃 = 0). However, the strut is unstable and cannot maintain its stability therefore by the slightest disturbance, the strut will buckle and fail. Neutral Equilibrium (P = Pcr ) When an axial load is equal to the critical load the strut is neither stable nor unstable, it is at the peak of stability and instability. That been said the structure can handle small angles without buckling. Different Support Reactions Effects The conditions of the support reactions influence the buckling of a material. As shown above, the effective length is at a maximum (2L) when there are no support reactions placed to the strut. Therefore, we can evaluate that the number of support reactions has a relationship to the buckling displacement of the strut. Buckling due to compression can be observed by comparing it to the sin curve elongations. The strut tends to buckle in the centre of its length. By looking at the data collected in a laboratory test the theoretical buckling load is higher than the experimental and this is due to the material imperfection but also due to the different support reactions that can create different displacement of the strut (buckling). Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students SI reccomended Are you a student? Join the SI Platform now Submit your work 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥 A conclusion for your Lab Report To conclude, the experiment showed the linearity between load and length. The data obtained indicate that the longer struts were experiencing a lower buckling load than the shorter struts. Both of them had the same material properties so due to the length of the strut the buckling values vary. Linear elastic behaviour is shown of the material as the graph logP vs logL is plotted. The evaluation is that by decreasing length and increasing the cross-section of the strunt, critical buckling load is higher making the material to resist to buckling at higher loads applied. A linear relationship is shown on the graph You May Also Find Useful: The difference between Buckling, Compression & Shear Tension is about pulling and compression is about pushing, then shear is about sliding. When lateral bending occurs, we can say that the column has experienced buckling. Read More...

The Top 225 firms generated $64.59 billion - 💰 in design revenue in 2017 from projects outside their home countries, up just 0.7% from $64.11 billion in 2016. This comes after five straight years of declining revenue for the Top 225. Further, the Top 225 had $79.47 billion - 💰 in revenue from domestic projects in 2017, up a paltry 0.2% from $79.30 billion in 2016. According to ENR (Engineering News-Record) research and analysis, consulting companies from all over the world were rank from 1-100. 👉Visit SI Archives for more insides 👈 5.CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GROUP LTD., Beijing, China Website: http://en.ccccltd.cn/ China Communications Construction Company, Ltd. (CCCC) is a publicly-traded, multinational engineering and construction company primarily engaged in the design, construction and operation of infrastructure assets, including highways, bridges, tunnels, railways (especially high-speed rail), subways, airports, and marine ports. Revenue: US$70 billion Project Hydraulic Structure Project of Daya Bay and Ling'ao Nuclear Power Station The phase II marine structure project of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station in Guangdong Province consists of one gravity-unloading quay with a length of 157.25m and water depth of -8.2m, 550m quay road, six breakwaters with total length of 2000m, 1150m water inlet and drainage channel, reef explosion, harbour basin, navigation channel dredging, etc. 4.CHINA ENERGY CORP. LTD., Beijing, China Website: http://en.ceec.net.cn/ China Energy Engineering Corporation or Energy China (CEEC, 中国能源建设), is a Chinese state-owned energy conglomerate, with headquarters in Chaoyang District, Beijing. The conglomerate was established on September 29, 2011, with the approval of the State Council of China. It is under the direct supervision of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC). Employees: 129,929 Revenue: $34 176 million Project Utility Tunnel and Sponge City 3.AECOM, U.S.A. Employees: 87 000 Revenue: $18 billion AECOM is a global network of experts working with clients, communities and colleagues to develop and implement innovative solutions to the world’s most complex challenges. Delivering clean water and energy. Building iconic skyscrapers. Planning new cities. Restoring damaged environments. Connecting people and economies with roads, bridges, tunnels and transit systems. Designing parks where children play. Helping governments maintain stability and security. We connect expertise across services, markets, and geographies to deliver transformative outcomes. Worldwide, we design, build, finance, operate and manage projects and programs that unlock opportunities, protect our environment and improve people’s lives. Imagine it. Delivered. Website: https://www.aecom.com/us/?utm_source=united_states&utm_campaign=location_dropdown Project Autzen Stadium – University of Oregon Recommended to you : Review: Recently I have had my CV reviewed on one on the online websites and it was not the best suggesting a lot of changes and offering me their services to rewrite it of course. This book is easy to read, includes great examples, flexible for different types and years of experience, also covers a variety of jobs. Also includes guidance on cover letters, which is a plus. Review: Goes beyond the usual staid advice... Expertly written with tons of helpful advice, this is a thoroughly researched guide to getting the most from your CV - and your career --Management Today A CV book has to stand out from the crowd... has to impress with its good sense, its insight and its practicality. This one does. --The Daily Express 2.POWER CONSTRUCTION CORP. OF CHINA, Beijing, China website: http://www.powerchina.cn/ Power Construction Corporation of China, Ltd provides electric utility line construction services. The Company develops and constructs hydropower engineering, waterworks engineering, thermal power engineering, new energy engineering, and other projects. Power Construction China also operates property development. Employees: 132 266 Revenue: USD 43.6 billion 1.JACOBS, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A The world needs innovators and problem solvers who turn challenges into greater opportunities. We have an insatiable curiosity about transformative trends challenging the status quo: Urbanization. Water scarcity. Climate change. Digital proliferation. Security. website: https://www.jacobs.com/ Jacobs delivers highly valued solutions for there clients by applying an unrivalled depth and breadth of capabilities: Industry-leading design advanced sciences Digital technologies Big data analytics Program- and construction-management disciplines Operations and facilities management services Project How Singapore Turned its Water Woes into a NEWater Model Water scarcity is not a new phenomenon; historical records note water shortages dating as far back as the 1800s and since there’s no new water on Earth, we’re drinking the same water dinosaurs did. What if we showed you how Jacobs and Singapore’s PUB turned water scarcity into international successes with an innovative water reuse strategy? You can find the full list here Join the SI Platform now Submit your article 📝 and get featured 📌 on our website 💥

The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra contains numerous architectural monuments, ranging from: bell towers cathedrals cave systems strong stone fortification walls. The main attractions of the Lavra include the Great Lavra Belltower, and the Dormition Cathedral, destroyed in World War II, and fully reconstructed in recent years. Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1051, the Lavra has been a preeminent centre of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. It is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The monastery complex is considered a separate national historic-cultural preserve (sanctuary), the national status to which was granted on 13 March 1996. While being a cultural attraction, the monastery is once again active, with over 100 monks in residence. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on 21 August 2007, based on voting by experts and the internet community. Fast Facts: Architect: Theodosius of Kiev, Anthony of Kiev Style: Ukrainian Baroque Years built: 1051 Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

QUESTION OF THE WEEK Twin's Towers of Malaysia has the world's deepest foundations. Which is situated in Kaula— Lampur Malaysia. The depth of its foundations is 120m ( i.e. 400ft approx ). On the purposed site of Twin's Towers of Malaysia, the available on top was black cotton soil. Usually, no civil engineering structures are constructed over this without any improvement made within this soil. It's is because of following two majors reasons : First of all the bearing capacity of this soil is very small due to the presence of or organic matter in high content. Black cotton soil swells and shrinks when comes in contact with water due to the presence of a chemical compound called Montmorillonite. Which could lead to the failure of foundations. The major role played for this much depth of foundations for Twins Towers of Malaysia was the Black cotton soil and another one was the unavailability of sound soil strata that could bear the massive load of the tower coming upon it.

The pandemic has imposed various changes in people lives, the way business, economy and especially travel is conducted mainly due to travel restrictions and ‘stay at home’ policies. COVID-19 had a major impact on socio-cultural behaviour, where features of home working, homeschooling, retail choices and travel choices from a local and international scale will be understudy to better understand future demand and evaluate the future of transport. A closer look at the report of Wave 4 of the National Travel Attitudes Study (NTAS, 2021) where 5,299 people completed surveys in the periods of May to July (sample 1) and August to September (sample 2) 2020 indicated a dramatic decrease in demand of trips made compared to 2019 data as shown in Table below. A significant decrease in sample 1 of 87%, 79% and 69% of a trip made for the reason of eating or drinking, shopping for things and commuting to work was seen accordingly (NTAS, 2021). Furthermore, a trend of different modal choice is seen due to the implications of the pandemic restrictions and social distancing measures. Also, when asked about their concern about their health using the modes shown in Figure 2 and 3, users consider the use of a car, bicycle and walking as the preferred modes with a low percentage of concern. On the other hand, public transport gained much more scrutiny with the highest share of 90-91% respondents expressed their concern about using the London Underground through periods of sample 1 and 2 (NTAS, 2021). When users were asked about their mode choice before and after the pandemic intensified an average of 80% reported a fall in use of public transport in modes such as buses, trains and trams, taxi as seen in Figures 4. As the data indicates, a big reduction in public transport and a big uncertainty of the travel market full recovery to previous levels post-covid is evident. As anticipated in Mott Macdonald’s Report, an opportunity to re-imagine a more centralised public transport system, focused on core services maintained to ensure long-term commercial viability is present. A long-term reduction of travel demand will influence challenges of the need inbuilt of major infrastructure investments such as HS2 where an increase in the rail network capacity will be not required with arguments of cost better spend on the economic recovery. Future demand modelling should invest in the public transport infrastructure and reassure users of the safety to travel as normal by applying protocols preventing virus transmissions. Moreover, the popularity of the use of private modes of transport for long-distance trips is growing and hence a reduction in public transport should be accounted into future demand models. As seen in Figure 5 scenarios of increased car use and reduced public transport use is possible as well as the reverse. In my opinion, emphasis on improving public transport should be adopted by adjusting demand models, hence promoting public/shared transport through redefining modal split and trip generations in a post-covid era where technology (e.g. e-commerce) will be of a big influence on the number of trips users make. Do you have a question regarding Civil Engineering? Submit it here and we may write about it

General Informationℹ️ Type of structure: Doric peripteral temple. Location: north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill Construction dates: 449 BC - 415 BC Named after: Athenian hero Theseus It is one of the best-preserved ancient temples, partly because it was transformed into a Christian church. Dimensions: 13.71 m x 31.78 m For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives History of the Temple 📑 It was dedicated to Hephaestus, the ancient god of fire and Athena, goddess of pottery and crafts. After the battle of Plataea, the Greeks swore never to rebuild their sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians during their invasion of Greece, but to leave them in ruins, as a perpetual reminder of the war. The Athenians directed their funds towards rebuilding their economy and strengthening their influence in the Delian League. When Pericles came to power, he envisioned a grand plan for transforming Athens into the centre of Greek power and culture. Around AD 700, the temple was turned into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George. Exactly when the temple was converted to a Christian church remains unknown. There are assumptions however that this possibly occurred in the 7th century. When Athens became the official capital of Greece in 1834, the publication of the relevant royal edict was made in this temple that was the place of the last public turnout of the Athenians. It was used as a burial place for non-Orthodox Europeans in the 19th century, among whom were many philhellenes who gave their lives in the cause of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830). In 1834, the first King of Greece, Otto I, was officially welcomed there. Otto ordered the building to be used as a museum, in which capacity it remained until 1934 when it reverted to its status of an ancient monument and extensive archaeological research was allowed. 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice TIME-PRICE-FUN for more information visit: https://www.introducingathens.com/ancient-agora More About Your EUROPE tour Santa Justa Lift in Lisbon inspired by Eiffel | Structures Insider 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedral A bit about Theseus Theseus was the mythical king and founder-hero of Athens. Like Perseus, Cadmus, or Heracles, Theseus battled and overcame foes that were identified with an archaic religious and social order. His role in history has been called "a major cultural transition, like the making of the new Olympia by Hercules". The Athenians regarded Theseus as a great reformer; his name comes from the same root as θεσμός (thesmos), Greek for "rule" or "precept". The myths surrounding Theseus—his journeys, exploits, and friends—have provided material for fiction throughout the ages. Theseus was responsible for the synoikismos ('dwelling together')—the political unification of Attica under Athens—represented emblematically in his journey of labours, subduing ogres and monstrous beasts. Architecture 🏢 The temple is built of marble from the nearby Mt. Penteli, excepting the bottom step of the krepis or platform. The architectural sculpture is in both Pentelic and Parian marble. The dimensions of the temple are 13.71 m north to south and 31.78 m east to west, with six columns on the short east and west sides and thirteen columns along the longer north and south sides (with each of the four corner columns being counted twice). The building has a pronaos, a cella housing cult images at the centre of the structure, and an opisthodomos. The alignment of the antae of the pronaos with the third flank columns of the peristyle is a design element unique middle of the 5th century BC. There is also an inner Doric colonnade with five columns on the north and south side and three across the end (with the corner columns counting twice). What People are saying on TripAdvisor Sources: Tripadvisor, study.com, Wikipedia.com

The Top 3 tallest buildings to be constructed in the next 50 years 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 1.Burj Mubarak al-Kabir FACTS📐🏗 Height: 1,001 m (3,284 ft) Location: Kuwait City, Kuwait 🇰🇼 Status: Proposed Estimated finish date: 2030 2.Jeddah Tower FACTS📐🏗 Height: At least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) Location: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦 Status: On hold Estimated finish date: 2021 3.Suzhou Zhongnan Center FACTS📐🏗 Height: 729 m (2,392 ft) Location: Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 🇨🇳 Status: On hold Estimated finish date: Construction stopped 2015, TBC

General Info 📚 Floor count: 43 Floors Area: 57,530 m2 (619,200 sq ft) Lifts/elevators: 7 Architectural style: Modernism Total Height: 152.3 m (500 ft) The building is named after Uruguay capital city, Montevideo. Architects: Mecanoo Consultant Engineer: abt (Bearing structure and the geotechnical consultancy) The building is one of the tallest woman-designed buildings in the world. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. The Montevideo skyscraper was realized in late 2005 on the Wilhelmina Pier next to Hotel New York. Including the M on the roof of the tower, the building is 152 meters high, and that was for a long time the tallest building in the Netherlands. Montevideo represents the ambition of the city of Rotterdam for the urbanization of specific locations with specific projects, particularly in the area of housing. Designed by: Francine Houben (1999-2005) The M confirms Rotterdam’s maritime tradition and shows all Rotterdammers the wind direction. Together with the water tank on the lower-lying roof, the M makes the Holland-Amerika feeling complete. The building refers to the Holland-America feeling that the site evokes: the place where ocean steamers and cruise ships made the crossing from Rotterdam to New York. You May Also Like: Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 The top three floors form a penthouse with a swimming pool. In addition, accommodation for offices, shops and restaurants is to be found in the building. It consists of a concrete structure poured in situ up to the 27th floor. Read more: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change RECOMMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU Engineering 🏗 The top levels are borne by a steel structure that facilitates a flexible subdivision. Montevideo also has an underground car park over two levels. By implementing parts of the structure in steel, the building’s layout is not only far more flexible, but it is also lighter. It was consequently possible to establish the building’s foundation on the first sand layer. This made the building’s construction cheaper. The tower consists of both programmatically and structurally of three components that link up to the function. The ground floor and the first two floors were kept open constructively as much as possible. Strong steel was used for the columns and the concrete core and buttresses provide the necessary stability. Stability is now obtained by diagonally placed steel sections directly behind the façade; the so-called tube façade structure. Naturally, the design of three different structures also meant that bridging structures had to be developed. Heavy beams were developed for this purpose, composed of plates of maximum thickness which are to be supplied according to the S355 quality standard. Source: Mecanoo, abt

By Joakim Silva What is expressed by Romanesque architecture and Gothic architecture? What is the subject matter of Renaissance paintings? The National Palace of Pena is a 19th-century Romanticist castle situated in the municipality of Sintra, Portugal. It was founded upon an abandoned Hieronymite monastery that had fallen into disrepair after the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and Portugal’s outlawing of religious orders in 1834. Don Fernando II, king consort to Queen Dona Maria II, bought the defunct monastery in 1838. Don Fernando commissioned a German architect and landscape designer by the name of Wilhelm Ludvig von Eschwege to construct the palace from 1842 to 1854. The extravagant and imposing structure features an opulence of eclectic styles including neo-gothic, neo-Manueline, neo-Moorish, neo-renaissance and neo-romanesque architectural features. In 1995 the Pena palace was classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. Romanticism expressed itself in romanesque architecture through imitations of medieval architectural styles and is attributed to a Gothic revival in the 19th century. It is an intellectual movement that characterised itself in literature, paintings, music and architecture from the late-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century and places an emphasis on the transcendental, the irrational, the romantic, the emotional, the imaginative, the impassioned and the impetuous characteristics of humanity. The architecture of the Pena Palace expresses a general exaltation of emotion over reason and the senses over intellect. It oozes the sentiments of a profoundly creative genius whose creative spirit is more important than adhering to strict rules. This statement is exemplified by the amalgamate of architectural styles throughout the palace and a transition from the vibrant yellow Islamic dome tower to its embellished Moorish façade tiles connected to a pristine red gothic clocktower. Romanesque architecture is a 10th to a 13th-century architectural style characterised by wide, rounded semi-circular arches decorating the structure and exhibiting thick walls, columns, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, roofs and symmetrical plans. It combines features of Roman and Byzantine buildings and decorates the structure with geometric shapes including squares, chevrons, circles and the half-circles of arches. Gothic architecture was prevalent in the mid-12th to 16th century and is often characterised by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses and ornate decoration. Rather than the wide rounded arches, gothic arches are usually pointed, tall and thin. The Pena Palace features both gothic and romanesque arches throughout its walls elegantly deviating between the two styles for each level of the façade elevation. The expression of romanticism was not only exclusive to architecture but also to renaissance art. Shown above is the famous Renaissance painting by Nuno Gonçalves named “Painéis de São Vicente” or “Saint Vincent Panels” 1470AD. Generally, renaissance art is marked by a gradual shift from the abstract forms of the medieval period to the representational forms of the 15th century. Subjects grew from mostly biblical scenes to include portraits, spectacles from Classical religion, and events from contemporary life. Saint Vincent Panels is indicative of such art placing a religious subject, Saint Vincent, the patron Saint of Lisbon, as the centrepiece in the two middle panels dressed in red, gold and white robes and surrounded by nobility and other important members of Portuguese society. It is understood to be a representation of the Portuguese court and of several social groups of the 15th century. The scene evokes a representational view of the Portuguese nation during the Avis Dynasty when Portugal was expanding overseas and into North Africa. Gallery of the Pena Palace exhibiting a Romanticist’s vision of Romanesque and Gothic architecture: