General Informationℹ️ Architects: Bogdan Nestorović, Aleksandar Deroko, Branko Pešić. Architectural type: Serbo-Byzantine & Neo-Byzantine Length: 91 m x Width: 81 m Height: 78.3 m Floor area: 4830 m2 Website: www.hramsvetogsave.com 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The Ultimate tour guide of Belgrade Recommended by Structures Insider Available to buy on Amazon here: History 📑 Saint Sava (1175–1235), the patron saint and national hero of the Serbian people, was born Rastko Nemanja in 1175, the son of Serbian Grand ŽupanStephen (r. 1166-1196). Serbia was still a relatively young nation, having freed itself from the Byzantine Empire in the previous century. In 1077 Duklja became the first Serb kingdom, its founding being intimately interconnected with the establishment of the Roman Catholic Bishopric of Bar. On the 300th anniversary of the burning of Saint Sava's body, a group of Serbian Orthodox believers founded the Society for the Construction of the Cathedral of Saint Sava on Vračar with the idea of building a cathedral on the site. Initially, a small church was constructed and the search began to find an adequate design. History 📑 of Engineering 🏗 Forty years after the initial idea, construction of the church began on 10 May 1935, 340 years after the burning of Saint Sava's remains. The cornerstone was laid by Metropolitan Gavrilo of Montenegro, (the future Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V). The project was designed by Aleksandar Deroko and Bogdan Nestorović, aided by civil engineer Vojislav Zađina. The work lasted until the Second World War Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. The church's foundation had been completed, and the walls erected to the height of 7 and 11 meters. After the 1941 bombing of Belgrade, work ceased altogether. The occupying German army used the unfinished church as the Wehrmacht's parking lot, while in 1944 the Red Army, and later the Yugoslav People's Army used it for the same purpose. After that, it was used for storage by various companies. 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice The Society for Building of the Church ceased to exist and has not been revived. Children who grew up in the vicinity, including the future President of Serbia Boris Tadić, didn't know the intended purpose of the unfinished construction, so they played inside thinking it was a ruin of an old castle. The granite slabs, intended for the construction of the church, were used for the building of the Tomb of People's Heroes in 1948, in the Kalemegdan section of the Belgrade Fortress. What People are saying on TripAdvisor Source: Wikipedia You May Also Like: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019

THE ORIGINAL ONE Facts 📚📐 Location: Champ de Mars in Paris, France. Material: wrought-iron. Height: 324 m (1,063 ft). Structural Engineer: Maurice Koechlin, Émile Nouguier. Architect: Stephen Sauvestre Main contractor: Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel. Fact: The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Eiffel Tower that was originally introduced to the world in 1889 in Paris is a one of a kind metal structure. It became a global cultural icon and a national treasure of France. Over the years a lot of replicas all around the world try to resemble the "Original One", the Eiffel Tower. Read more here @fbstructuresinsider Dragon Tower 🐉 Built in 2000, Dragon Tower is 336 m (1,102 ft) tall. The tower's main uses are telecommunication and tourist observation. The Dragon is the second tallest freestanding lattice tower in the world and 12 m (39 ft) taller than the Eiffel tower. 🤔 Check its official website, here Tokyo Tower 🗼 Built-in 1958, the tower's main sources of income are tourism and antenna leasing. Over 150 million people have visited the tower which stands at 333 m (1,093 ft). There are two Main Decks, one at 150 m (490 ft) and the top deck is at a height of 249.6 m (819ft). It was constructed of steel, a third of which was scrap metal taken from US tanks damaged in the Korean War. Tokyo Tower only weighs about 4,000 tons, 3,300 tons less than the Eiffel Tower.🤔 Paris Las Vegas 🎰 The Eiffel Tower, Las Vegas opened in 1999 and stands up to 164.6 m (540 ft). Original plans for the Eiffel Tower called for a full-scale replica, however that would have interfered with the nearby McCarran Airport and designers, therefore, reduced it to approximately 1:2 scale The Las Vegas tower is 160m lower than the original one making it a very small version of the original one. Conclusion Dragon Tower 🐉: 336 m (1,102 ft) - 12m taller than Eiffel Tower Tokyo Tower 🗼333 m (1,093 ft) - 9m taller than Eiffel Tower Paris Las Vegas 🎰: 164.6 m (540 ft). - 160m shorter than Eiffel Tower Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice

Definition 🧾: A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity or as a water supply. "The dam burst after torrential rain" An arch dam is a concrete dam that is curved upstream in a plan. The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure, presses against the arch, compressing and strengthening the structure as it pushes into its foundation or abutments. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 An arch dam is most suitable for narrow canyons or gorges with steep walls of stable rock to support the structure and stresses. Since they are thinner than any other dam type, they require much less construction material, making them economical and practical in remote areas. Arch dams classified with respect to their structural height are: Low dams up to 100 feet (30 m), Medium-high dams between 100–300 ft (30–91 m) High dams over 300 ft (91 m). General dams classified based on base thickness and height relations: Thin arch<0.2h Medium arch0.2h - 0.3h Thick arch>0.3h Arch-gravity>0.5h History: The 1st Arch Dam construction ⛲️ The first known arch dam, the Glanum Dam, also known as the Vallon de Baume Dam, was built by the Romans in France and it dates back to the 1st century BC. The dam was about 12 metres (39 ft) high and 18 metres (59 ft) in length. Its radius was about 14 m (46 ft), and it consisted of two masonry walls. The Romans built it to supply nearby Glanum with water. You May Also Like: ''Dodgy but Stable'' is the Whaley Bridge dam according to PM Boris Johnson Basic Design Types 🏗 There are two basic designs for an arch dam: constant-radius dams, which have a constant radius of curvature, and variable-radius dams, which have both upstream and downstream curves that systematically decrease in radius below the crest. A dam that is double-curved in both its horizontal and vertical planes may be called a dome dam Advantages of Arch Dam 1. Arch dams are particularly adapted to the gorges where the length is small in proportion to the height. 2. For a given height, the section of an arch dam is much lesser than a corresponding gravity dam. Hence, an arch dam requires less material and is, therefore, cheaper. 3. Because of much less base width, the problems of uplift pressure are minor. 4. Since only a small part of water load is transferred to the foundation by cantilever action, Sources: civilseek.com 2020 Essential Books for Civil Engineers Amazon's Choice

Materials processing, the series of operations that transforms industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products. Historically materials processing by hand is as old as mechanization which began with the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century principally in England. Since then, metal processing methods, techniques have evolved, processes got faster, higher strengths steel can be achieved as well as different properties can be specified. 👉 Visit Structures Insider for more story 👈 Content of below information: Casting Processes Forging Processes Rolling Extrusion 1.Casting Processes The production of a metallic component is by casting of the molten metal into a mould. Most casting processes are used for the production of the initial metal ingot or near-finished shape (eg. I-beam) metals ready for the fabrication procedures. Sand Casting: Sand casting is characterized by using sand as the mould material. Over 60% of all metal castings are produced via a sand casting process Commonly used for hard but very brittle metals ( mainly for Aluminium Alloys) Sand casting methods can have a very high quality of the completed product providing accurate dimensions to the finished surface of the metal. 2. Forging ( traditional hammering) definition: manufacturing process involving the shaping of metals using localised compressive force (manual or mechanical) Drop-forging: heating a metal and hammering it into a special die to produce a final product. Hot-pressing: the hammer is replaced by a hydraulic-driven ram. - the metal is gradually squeezed Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice 3. Rolling Rolling is the cheapest and most efficient method of reducing the cross-sectional area of a metal section. Commonly used for producing flat products. The rollers are used to shape the product and by rolling, redistribution of any impurities reduce the effect of any segregation present in the original ingot. Advantages: Reduction of segregation due to rolling More homogeneous product Reduced grain-size 1) Cold Rolling Applied to very malleable metals and alloys. Due to rolling the metal crystals are distorted becoming hardened therefore internal stresses increase, increasing the strength of the metal. 2)Hot Rolling The temperature of hot rolling is high, making the metal more malleable and allowing metals to deform easier. Hot rolling is carried out well beyond recrystallisation temperature. These high white-hot temperatures mean that crystallisation happens instantly as the metal passes through the rollers speeding up the process of shaping metals. 4. Extrusion Used to shape a variety of metals to a desired complex fixed cross-sectional dimensions. Aluminium extrusion is widely used in construction, automobile and aircraft manufacture, industrial machinery and consumer goods. Temperatures: 350-500 celsius for aluminium alloys A ram is driven with pressure to force the metal through a hard steel mould. The process of extrusion could be characterised to be the same manner to the flow of toothpaste from its tube. Read more: Reims Cathedral visit tour Guide Everything you need to know about the iconic Norte-Dame de Paris before in burned to ashes New £7.5 billion motorway connecting Belarus to China was approved by Putin Everything you need to know about Brussels Town Hall

Introduction Rocks descriptions are made by examination of samples recovered from boreholes or from material that is found on the side (in-situs material). Rocks can be divided into three categories based on the general characteristics of the formation such as mineralogy and grain size of the rock. Geological science terms are used to describe the geological aspects of the rocks that have no direct significance to engineering characteristics but features such as the names of the rock type can often indicate a range of useful details on an engineering and geological perspective. Visual identification of rocks outcrop can help the configuration of the engineering performance (strength, compressibility, etc.) of the construction site bedrock as well as a full history description of the earth’s crust. A complete rock description is commonly divided into three parts. Rock Description feutures a) Materials Characteristics Strength: (Uniaxial compressive strength measurements) Structure: (The structure of the rock is concerned the textural features and lithology of the rock in terms of thickness and Spacing) Colour: (Colour of the rock described in words) Texture: (Described according to geological terminology) Grain size: (Grain size refers to the average dimension of the minerals or rock fragments dominating the rock’s behaviour. Rock name (in capitals, e.g. “GRANITE”) b) General information Additional information and minor constituents: (mineralogy) Geological formation. c) Mass Characteristics State of weathering. Discontinuities Fracture state. You May Also Like: Soil Mechanics: Effects of water on soil |Structures Insider Water can be chemically combined within soil particles. The soil effects explained are consolidation, capillary action as well as shrinkage/swelling and other water effects on soil strengths. Read More... Principal Rock Types (Rock family) Igneous rocks: • derived from the cooling of molten material (magma/lava). • mainly crystalline. • common types are granite, basalt, dolerite. • Petrological classification of igneous rocks can be described in: - Mineral assemblage: minerals as quartz, feldspar, biotite are formed in igneous rocks - Grain size: 2mm-5mm (crystals) Sedimentary rocks: • rocks derived from the breakdown of all other types of rocks including pre-existing sedimentary rocks. • mainly fragmentary • common types are sandstone, shale and limestone. • The two groups of sedimentary rocks can be described as: - Clastic sediments: accumulations of rock - Organic and chemical sediments: dead plants or chemically precipitated minerals. Metamorphic rocks: • derived from all other rocks through solid-state changes in response to changes in temperature and/or pressure. • often foliated or banded. • common types are slate, marble, schist and gneiss.” • There are three types of classification of metamorphic rocks: - Dynamic metamorphism: intense stresses locally that tend to deform and fracture the rock. - Regional metamorphism: effects of increasing temperature and pressure. - Contact metamorphism: heating of the rock in a body of intruded igneous magma. Essential Books for Civil Engineering Students Amazon's Choice Example of full rock description Conglomerate Conglomerate, is a sedimentary bedded rock that is composed of fragments and pre-existing rocks, minerals. It contains rounded to subangular gravel-size clasts that are larger than 2mm in diameter. Between the clast, most commonly smaller particle-like quartz cement is filled that binds the rock together in a finer matrix. In this particular rock, grain-size may or may not vary in composition and therefore the type of research done to classify the rock is of big importance. Due to that, conglomerate rocks are clastic (=composed of fragments) there is a variety of compositions. Classification of the rock can be done by analysing the difference in the lithology of the gravel-size clasts and the matrix with which the rock is made. Clasts created by weathering conditions that washed away by water can be mineral particles or metamorphic or igneous rock fragments. The matrix that fills the space between the clast is a variety of slit, sand, mud or chemical cement. Depending on the clasts- matrix composition colour and strength can be obtained. For more info look here 👇 [1] Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Geology | science. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/geology [2] Flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz. (2018). Geology - rocks and minerals. [online] Available at: https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/schist.html [3] Geology.com. (2018). Geology and Earth Science News, Articles, Photos, Maps and More. [online] Available at: https://geology.com Read more: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Dracula's luxurious residence has 57 rooms and has its own private wooden church

General Info 📚 Location: Monte Carlo, Monaco Opening date: 1863; 156 years ago Architect: Charles Garnier Casino type: Land-Based Entrance fee: €17 Website: www.casinomontecarlo.com Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. History 📑 The idea of opening a gambling casino in Monaco belongs to Princess Caroline, a shrewd, business-minded spouse of Prince Florestan I. Revenues from the proposed venture were supposed to save the House of Grimaldi from bankruptcy. The ruling family's persistent financial problems became especially acute after the loss of tax revenue from two breakaway towns, Menton and Roquebrune, which declared independence from Monaco in 1848 and refused to pay taxes on olive oil and fruit imposed by the Grimaldis. In the late 1850s, Monaco was an unlikely place for a resort to succeed. The lack of roads needed to connect Monaco to Nice and the rest of Europe, and the absence of comfortable accommodations for visitors, as well as the concessionaires' failure to publicize the new resort, resulted in far fewer customers than was originally anticipated. Unable to raise the capital needed to operate the money-losing enterprise, Aubert and Langlois ceded their rights to Frossard de Lilbonne, who in turn passed it to Pierre Auguste Daval in 1857. 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice A bit about the Country MONACO Monaco is about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the state border with Italy. Monaco has an area of 2.020 km2 (0.780 sq mi), making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican. Its population as of 2018 is 38,682. With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre (49,230/sq mi), it is the most densely populated sovereign state in the world. Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km (3.40 mi), the world's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km (2.38 mi), and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m (5,577 and 1,145 ft). The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward, which is 161 metres (528 feet) above sea level. Monaco's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. Through land reclamation, Monaco's land mass has expanded by 20 per cent. In 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2 (0.762 sq mi). Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws. In 2014, it was noted that about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires. Betting Amounts In the main casino hall, the minimum you can bet is €5 and the maximum is €2000. If you take your gaming to a private room, the minimum increases to €10 and, unsurprisingly, there is no cap on maximum bets. What People are saying on TripAdvisor The Ultimate tour guide of Budapest Recommended by Structures Insider Available to buy on Amazon here Source: Wikipedia Drop us a question in Quora What is Quora?: Quora is a question-and-answer website where questions are asked, answered, and edited by Internet users, either factually, or in the form of opinions.

General Information ℹ️ Architectural Style: Neoclassical Architects: Carl Ludvig Engel; later altered by Ernst Lohrmann. The capacity of seats: 1,300 Website: helsinkicathedral.fi 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Structure Description A distinctive landmark in the Helsinki cityscape, with its tall, green dome surrounded by four smaller domes, the building is in the neoclassical style. It was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel as the climax of his Senate Square layout: it is surrounded by other, smaller buildings designed by him. The church's plan is a Greek cross (a square centre and four equilateral arms), symmetrical in each of the four cardinal directions, with each arm's façade featuring a colonnade and pediment. Engel originally intended to place a further row of columns on the western end to mark the main entrance opposite the eastern altar, but this was never built. 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice The Ultimate tour guide for Helsinki Available to buy on Amazon for only £5.75 What travellers are saying Scarce interior but the altar painting, the pulpit and the statue of Martin Luther are lovely - only surpassed by the magnificent organ (phnar). Source: Wikipedia RECOMMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU

General Information ℹ️ Location: Domkloster 4, 50667 Köln, Germany 🇩🇪 Architectural Style: Gothic Construction Start Date: 1248 Spire height‎: ‎157 m (515 ft) Website: koelner-dom.de Tickets: Book tickets from €23 EUR at here 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Architectural Insight The choir has the largest height-to-width ratio of any medieval church, at 3.6:1. It is characterised by a French-style arrangement of a tall arcade and a narrow triforium gallery lit by windows. Bells of the main bell cage weight list: Aveglocke –830 kg Kapitelsglocke – 1.4tonnes Josephglocke – 2.2 tonnes Ursulaglocke – 2.5 tonnes Dreikönigsglocke – 3.8 tonnes Speciosa – 5.6 tonnes Pretiosa – 10.5 tonnes St. Petersglocke, Great Bell of Germany – 24 tonnes 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice Engineering Insight Constructions began in 1248, the construction of this Gothic masterpiece took place in several stages and was not completed until 1880. The North Tower at 157.38 meters (516.33 feet) is 7 centimetres (2.75 inches) higher than the South Tower. The Cologne Cathedral has the world’s third-largest church interior. From 1880 to 1884, the Cathedral was the tallest building in the world, until it was beaten by the Washington Monument and then the Eiffel Tower. Official Dimensions Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider

Officially known as the Church of St Elizabeth of Hungary, but commonly referred to simply as ‘the Blue Church’, this is Bratislava’s most appealing art nouveau building. Its style, sometimes known as Hungarian Secession, is repeated in the nearby grammar school on Grösslingová Street. Both were designed by Budapest architect Edmund Lechner and built in the early twentieth century (the church was consecrated on 11 October 1913). 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Both the interior and exterior of the church are painted in shades of pale blue and decorated with blue majolica; even the roof is tiled with blue-glazed ceramics. The structure incorporates a 36.8-metre round tower. For Ticket 🎟 visit the below website: https://modrykostol.fara.sk 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice Architecture 🏢 The main and side entrances are enclosed with Romanesque double-pillars, which have an Oriental feeling. Pillars are also located near the windows. The façade was at first painted with light pastel colours. Later the church got its characteristic blue colour. A line of blue tiles and wave-strip encircles the church. The ground floor of the church is oval. In the foreground, there is a 36.8-metre high cylindrical church tower. At first, a cupola was planned, but was never constructed; instead, a barrel vault was built, topped by a hip roof. The roof is covered with glazed bricks with decoration, for the purpose of parting. The interior is richly decorated with altarpieces. On the altar, there is an illustration of St Elizabeth, depicted giving alms to the poor. A model of the church is in Mini-Europe in Brussels, representing Slovakia. What People are saying on TripAdvisor 🌐 More About EUROPE Santa Justa Lift in Lisbon inspired by Eiffel | Structures Insider 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedra

General Info📚 Height: 45 metres (148 ft) Material: Iron Architect: Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard Architectural style: Neo-Gothic Opened: 1899 Location: Sacramento, Lisbon, Portugal Website: www.carris.pt/pt/ascensores-e-elevador/ Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories The Santa Justa Lift the top attraction and great viewpoint of Lisbon, Portugal. Inspired by Eiffel Santa, Justa Lift is a state of the art architectural and engineering marvel created from iron. History 📑 In May 1882 founder and representative of the Companhia dos Ascensores Mecânicos de Lisboa, Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard, petitioned the city council for permission to explore alternative plans for constructing an inclined transport moved by mechanical means. On 1 June 1882, Mesnier, a Porto-born engineer of French parentage, was granted a licence to proceed. On 31 August 1901, King Carlos inaugurated the metal bridge and awning, in a ceremony that included members of the royal family, the members of the elevator company, Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard, and various members of the nobility and journalists. The operating concession was given to the company Lisbon Electric Tramway Ltd. in 1905. Originally powered by steam, the lift was converted to electrical operation in 1907 by the British company R. Waygood, and the respective concessionary company bought the Elevator in 1913, from the Empresa do Elevador do Carmo. 2020 Travel Essentials Amazon's Choice Know Before You Go The queue for the elevator can be insanely long, but the platform can easily be reached by walking around and up the hill at the back (this also takes you past the Carmo convent ruins). The lift can then be taken down with hardly any queue. For more visit: Santa Justa Lift Architecture 🏗 The elevator is a vertical structure, developed along the Rua de Santa Justa, consisting of a metal tower, observation platform, walkway and base. Its base includes four vertical columns, each composed of two pillars. The largest part of the structure runs parallel to the Rua de Santa Justa. With a height of 45 metres, covering seven stories, the tower includes two elevator cabins, decorated in wood, mirrors and windows, and with an initial capacity for 24 passengers in each (updated to 29 people later). The structure includes a dozen transverse beams, forming a double lattice, supported at the top by foundations at the Escadinhas de Santa Justa. On the sides of the elevator, the walkway is articulated by means of bearings, as well as on the pillars, which is articulated at the base. RECOMMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU The main machinery was installed at the base of the Elevator, while at the exit to the Largo do Carmo there is a veranda to allow circulation. The lift is decorated in a Neo-Gothic style in iron. Since iron was a new building material at the time of its construction, it is symbolic of the technical and memorial construction from this period, representing the culture of the 1900s, when the structure and elevators were considered a major innovation and portent of the modern age. How much it costs 💰 The ride to the top is fairly short – but be prepared to wait in line – and costs €5.15, plus €1.50 to access the viewing platform. Source: theculturetrip.com, Wikipedia Read more: Dracula's luxurious residence has 57 rooms and has its own private wooden church Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022 The 5 Greatest Engineers of All Times

5. Transfagarsan, Romania FACTS📐🌎 The Transfăgărășan was constructed between 1970 and 1974 during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu The road climbs to an altitude of 2,042 metres (6,699 ft), making it the second-highest mountain pass in Romania after the Transalpina. Length: 90 km (60 miles). 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 4. Tianzi Mountain, China Source: VisitOurChina FACTS 📐🌎 It is named after the farmer Xiang Dakun of the Tujia ethnic group, who led a successful local farmers' revolt and called himself "Tianzi", meaning son of Heaven and is the traditional epithet of the Chinese emperor. The Mountains are quartz sandstone and were formed about 400 million years ago through irregular rising patterns of the earth crust, and with about 318 million years of erosion, these tall and skinny mountains were formed. This geological formation belongs to the "New Cathaysian" tectonic system. 3. Sea of Stars, Maldives Facts 📐🌎 The “Sea of Stars” is a beautiful phenomenon that occurs during late summer in the reefs of the Maldives, caused by bioluminescent phytoplankton called Lingulodinium polyedrum. The water here is filled with this plankton, and the movement of the waves causes it to glow, creating an incredible shimmering effect that looks like the sea is full of stars. 2020 Travelling Essentials Amazon's Choice 2.Meteora(Μετέωρα), Greece FACTS📐🌎 Caves in the vicinity of Meteora were inhabited continuously between 50,000 and 5,000 years ago At their peak in the sixteenth century, there were 24 monasteries at Meteora in Greece. The rocks are composed of a mixture of sandstone and conglomerate. 1. Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt FACTS 📐🌎 The great pyramid was constructed between 2560 and 2540 BCE. The pyramid was built for PHARAOH KHUFU. About 2.3 million stones blocks were used to build the structure. The interior contains three chambers. Height is 146.7 metres (481 ft) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits. Volume is 2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cu ft) SOURCES: Atlas Obscura, Wikipedia

General Info 📚 Construction Dates: 1951 - 1957 Type of dam: Concrete variable radius arch dam Height: 250 m (820 ft) Length: 520 m (1,710 ft) Total capacity: 211,500,000 m3(171,500 acre⋅ft) Catchment area: 167 km2 (64 sq mi) Surface area: 208 ha (510 acres) The power produced: 363 MW which can power approximately 300,000 homes 💡 The dam is the 11th highest in the world and the 6th highest arch dam 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 About the Reservoir - Lac de Mauvoisin The reservoir is formed by the Mauvoisin Dam, which is 250 m high. Max. length : 4.9 km (3.0 mi) Surface area : 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi) Maximum depth: 180 m (590 ft) Surface elevation: 1,961 m (6,434 ft) Lac de Mauvoisin in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. The reservoir lies in the upper Val de Bagnes, between the massif of the Grand Combin, one of the highest mountains of the Alps, and La Ruinette. The highest peak visible from the lake is the Combin de la Tsessette (4,135 m). You May Also Like: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained About the Mauvoisin Dam - Arch Dam The arch dam is designed so that the force of the water hydrostatic pressure that is pressed against the arch from the water mass stored in the reservoir behind it. An arch dam is most suitable for narrow canyons with steep walls of stable rock to support the structure and stresses. Since they are thinner than any other dam type, they require much less construction material, making them economical and practical in remote areas. A Rule of Thumb when designing is: The ratio of base thickness to the structural height (b/h): Thin: (b/h) less than 0.2 Medium: (b/h) between 0.2 and 0.3 Thick, for (b/h) over 0.3 Arch dams classified with respect to their structural height are: Low dams: 100 feet (30 m) Medium dams: 100–300 ft (30–91 m) High dams: 300 ft (91 m) Water Turbine Engineering ⛲️ Mauvoisin Dam provides a hydraulic head of 482 m (1,581 ft) to the Fionnay generating station, which can produce 138 MW from three Francis turbines. The water then drops another 1,014 m (3,327 ft) to the Riddes generating station, where it drives five Pelton turbines with a combined capacity of 225 MW. The two plants produce about 943 million kilowatt-hours (KWh) each year, with Fionnay generating 278 million kWh (29.5%) and Riddes generating 665 million kWh (70.5%). Francis turbine🎡🏗 The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft) and are used primarily for electrical power production. The electric generators that most often use this type of turbine have a power output that generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. Penstock (input pipes) diameters are between 3 and 33 ft (0.91 and 10 m). The speed range of the turbine is from 75 to 1000 rpm. A wicket gate around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner controls the rate of water flow through the turbine for different power production rates. Francis turbines are almost always mounted with the shaft vertical so as to isolate water from the generator. This also facilitates installation and maintenance. Pelton wheel🎡🏗 The Pelton wheel is an impulse type water turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water, as opposed to water's dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel. Many earlier variations of impulse turbines existed, but they were less efficient than Pelton's design. Water leaving those wheels typically still had high speed, carrying away much of the dynamic energy brought to the wheels. Pelton's paddle geometry was designed so that when the rim ran at half the speed of the water jet, the water left the wheel with very little speed; thus his design extracted almost all of the water's impulse energy—which allowed for a very efficient turbine. Source: Wikipedia Read more: 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedral What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?