General Info📚 On 14 August 2018 at around 11:36 local time during a torrential rainstorm, a 210-metre (690 ft) section of Ponte Morandi collapsed killing 43 people and left 600 homeless. On the 3rd of August 2020 marked the opening and inauguration ceremony of the new replacement structure of the Polcevera viaduct. The 18 pillars of the new Genoa bridge were illuminated with the colours of the Italian flag days before its inauguration. Construction of the new Genoa San Giorgio bridge took only 15 months and was designed by the renowned native of the city architect Renzo Piano and built by construction company webuildgroup. For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives Bridge History 📑 Ponte Morandi officially Viadotto Polcevera, was a road viaduct in Genoa (Italy), constructed between 1963 and 1967 along Italy's A10 motorway over the river Polcevera. The bridge is widely called "Ponte Morandi" after its structural designer, and engineer Riccardo Morandi. The viaduct was built between 1963 and 1967 by the Società Italiana per Condotte d'Acqua, costing 3.8 billion Italian lire and opened on 4 September 1967. It had a length of 1,182 metres (3,878 ft), a height of 45 metres (148 ft) at road level, and three reinforced concrete pylons reaching 90 metres (300 ft) in height The maximum span was 210 metres (690 ft). The Genoa Bridge was a pioneer and innovative design for its time. The Ponte Morandi was a cable-stayed bridge characterised by a prestressed concrete structure for the piers, pylons and deck, with only two stays per span, and a hybrid system for the stays constructed from steel cables with prestressed concrete shells poured on. The concrete was prestressed only to 10 MPa making it susceptible to cracks, water intrusion, and corrosion of the internal steel. Reason of the Collapse in 2018 💥 The innovations of the Morandi Bridge were the early use of pre-stressed concrete and cable-supported spans. Over the past half-century, we have learned a lot about the use of these technologies. Two particular design aspects that bridge engineers of today are much more aware of are durability and robustness. During the period of construction of the bridge in 1960 designers were not aware of the high importance of the interaction of materials and the effects of pollution and climate change on the corrosion of certain material. It has been reported that the southern stays gave way first explosively due to corrosion and damage of the old bridge. “A bridge is like a car,” says Luigi Gambarotta, professor of structural mechanics at the University of Genoa. “You can’t overload it, and to keep it working you need to change the broken parts.” That was difficult in the case of Morandi Bridge: the cables were difficult to inspect, and it was unclear how they were coping with increased traffic loads. Source: theguardian.com “They waited 25 years and then the bridge collapsed. This is how things go in Italy – you start something and you never finish it,” says the architect Antonino Saggio, who is leading a campaign to save what remains of the bridge. Demolition of the remaining Structure Engineering Lessons Learned by Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) The collapse raised concerns about the general condition of infrastructure in Europe, with studies in Italy, France, and Germany suggesting that a significant number of bridges are in need of renovation or replacement due to corrosion and structural deterioration. Durability and robustness Robustness is now a priority in any structure. Modern cable-stayed bridges usually adopt multi-cable arrays, which offer alternative load paths in the event of a loss of capacity of any one cable. While these developments should make a tragedy such as the one in Genoa less likely, bridge engineers must continue to be aware of time-related deterioration and increased loading conditions. Improved inspections The bridge had been subject to continual restoration work from the 1970s on due to an incorrect initial assessment of the effects of creep and corrosion of the concrete and its steel reinforcement. This resulted in the excessive deferred displacement of the vehicle deck so that it was neither level nor flat. Only after continual measurement, redesign and associated structural work was the vehicle deck considered acceptable, approaching horizontal by the mid-1980s. On 3 May 2018, the Autostrade company had announced a call for tenders for a structural upgrade of the viaduct to the value of €20,159,000, with a deadline of 11 June 2018. The work on the reinforcement of the stays on pillars 9 and 10 would have needed to be finished within five years. Workers were installing new heavy concrete barriers on the Ponte Morandi before it collapsed, reducing the already low compressive pre-stress on the concrete of the stays and increasing the loads. Unfortunately, the bridge collapsed on the 14th of Augst 2018. Source: ICE New Design ✏️ 🌉 On the 3rd of August 2020 marked the opening and inauguration ceremony of the new replacement structure of the Polcevera viaduct in the presence of the Italian President Sergio Mattarella, prime minister Guiseppe Conte and the bridge architect and native Renzo Piano. The project cost 200 million euros plus the cost of demolishing the Morandi bridge, which added another 90 million euros to the total expenses of the project. A joint venture of WeBuild and Fincantieri has delivered the construction of the new bridge, with Rina Consulting as project manager for the programme. The structure was designed by famous architect Renzo Piano and is 1,067m long that comprises with a steel deck spread over 19 steel and concrete spans, which vary in length from 26m to 100m. You will also like: Renzo Piano's top 5 designs General Info 📑 Renzo Piano, born 14 September 1937) is an Italian architect. His notable buildings include the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (with Richard Rogers, 1977), The Shard in London (2012), and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City (2015) and Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center in Athens (2016). He won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1998. Read more The final days of work on-site have seen the laying of the final layer of asphalt, the installation of horizontal and vertical signage, as well as the setting up of the robotic system that will inspect the structure and allow for any preventive maintenance. The scheme involved: 220,000 hours of engineering work Generation of more than 3,200 technical documents Review of over 1,500 project sheets. 20 live sites were operating simultaneously, 24 hours a day without interruption for almost two years. Several weeks of load tests were done to ensure the loading capacity of the new bridge were done. The tests started earlier this month following the recent near completion of the structure in a record 15 months. The series of tests, conducted by state motorways entity Anas and Rina initially consisted of 16 heavy trucks driving along the bridge. Later, another 56 trucks lorries weighing 44 tonnes each - a combined weight of 2,500 tonnes - put the bridge through further tests. Static load tests continued in the coming day's trucks continued to run along the bridge. Source: WorldHighways Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022

Structure Review General Info 📚 Location: London, EC4, UK Style: English Baroque Years of construction: 1256 and 1675 Construction cost: cost covered by a special tax on coal Total height: 365FT (111 m) 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Design 🏗 Design of St Paul's was very challenging due to the relatively weak London's clay, meaning the heavy structure would sink through the years. St Paul's is unusual among cathedrals in that there is a crypt, the largest in Europe. Half the space of the crypt is taken up by massive piers which spread the weight of the much slimmer piers of the church above.8 piers support the dome of the cathedral which is frankly unusual since only four pier foundations were used on most cathedrals at that time. Another challenge was the height of the dome. Christopher Wren was to create a landmark dome for the city of London. Wren planned a double-shelled dome, as at St Peter's Basilica. His solution to the visual problem was to separate the heights of the inner and outer dome to a much greater extent than had been done by Michelangelo at St Peter's, drafting both as catenary curves, rather than as hemispheres. Wren inserted a brick cone which supports both the timbers of the outer, lead-covered dome and the weight of the ornate stone lantern that rises above it. Both the cone and the inner dome are 18 inches (45 cm ) thick and are supported by wrought iron chains at intervals in the brick cone and around the cornice of the peristyle of the inner dome to prevent spreading and cracking. History 📑 Old St Paul's 1087 - 1666 The Normans began building the ''old St Paul's". During the period of construction, the style of architecture had changed from Romanesque to Gothic and this was reflected in the pointed arches and larger windows of the upper parts and East End of the building. Dimensions of the cathedral were, 585 feet (178 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet or 87 m across the transepts and crossing. The spire was about 489 feet (149 m) in height. Present St Paul's 1669-1708 In July 1668 Dean William Sancroft wrote to Wren that he was charged by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in agreement with the Bishops of London and Oxford, to design a new cathedral that was "handsome and noble to all the ends of it and to the reputation of the City and the nation". Wren planned to replace the dilapidated tower with a dome, using the existing structure as a scaffold. The result was the present iconic St Paul's as it is known to everyone. Source: Wikipedia Drop us a question in Quora What is Quora?: Quora is a question-and-answer website where questions are asked, answered, and edited by Internet users, either factually, or in the form of opinions.

General Information ℹ️ Location: Mission Bay neighbourhood of San Francisco, California. Capacity: 18,064 seats Field size: 161,650-m² (1,740,000-ft²) Structural Engineer: Walter P Moore, Magnusson Klemencic Associates Architect: MANICA Architecture (design architect) Construction dates: Jan 2017 - Sep 2019 General contractor: Clark Construction Group / Mortenson Construction 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The state-of-the-art building sits on the bay and features plenty of new amenities that weren't found at Oracle Arena, which served as Golden State's home since 1971. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM) scored naming rights at $300 million over 20 years. The team also sold off the two office buildings, with Uber Technologies Inc., whose headquarters is moving into both structures, taking a 45% stake and real estate developer Alexandria Real Estate Equities Inc. (NYSE: ARE) taking 10%. The Warriors retain 45% ownership of the two buildings. The Warriors will take a huge financial hit on every home game that isn’t played. How much? “Multimillion dollars for one game,” Welts said. The Warriors say they are sympathetic. “There are people out there who have much bigger issues at hand” than do the players, head coach Steve Kerr said Wednesday. “I’m concerned about all of our ushers and vendors. ... There’s a lot of people whose livelihoods are dependent on” games. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CHASE ARENA 161,650-m² (1,740,000-ft²) four-building mixed-use development featuring an 18,000-seat NBA arena and practice facility for the Golden State Warriors, two 11-story office buildings, and a 3-story retail and entertainment complex sharing a common podium over 2 levels of below-grade parking. The LED scoreboard is the largest in the league, measuring in at 9,699 square feet. The extra space gives the team plenty of room to display detailed statistics about the game, including effective field goal percentage, turnover percentage, offensive rebound percentage and free-throw rate. The suites are the star of the show at Chase Center, which features suites on every level of the arena. There will be 32 courtside suites, 44 club-level suites and 60 four-person suites on the top level. SOURCE: NBA.com ,bizjournals.com

Humans desire to explore and build in extreme locations around the Globe. Here are the 10 Structures that raise crucial questions of How? 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 1. Halley vi Antarctic research station 🇦🇶 2. Wildspitzbahn in Tirol, Austria 🇦🇹 3. Trollstigen national tourist route Norway 🇳🇴 4. Tverrfjellhytta Norwegian wild reindeer pavilion 🇳🇴 5. Ruta del Peregrino crosses lookout point, Mexico 🇲🇽 6. ION luxury adventure hotel Iceland 🇮🇸 7. Encuentro Guadalupe Baja California, Mexico 🇲🇽 8. Arctia shipping headquarter Helsinki, Finland 🇫🇮 9. European southern observatory (ESO) hotel Cerro Paran, Chile 🇨🇱 10. Ningbo Museum. Ningbo, China 🇨🇳

According to “Mercer’’ Vienna was voted the best city in the world to live in 2019 Western Europe dominates the ranking, with Luxembourg named as the safest city in the world The last place was filled with Baghdad,Iraq 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The factors that determined the quality of living were: Click here to see the full list: https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings Vienna is the capital of Austria and the largest city in the country. A population of 1.9 million, Austria is a cultural, economic and political centre of Europe. Vienna is host to many major international organisations including the United Nations and OPEC. Vienna has a brand new Central Railway station that opened in 2014 that is the first step into adopting the  Smart City Wien Framework Strategy 2050.

General Info📚 Budget: EUR 815M Suspended deck length: 2252 m Longest span: 560 meters (1,840 ft) Expected traffic" 11 000 vehicles/day Design: Cable-stayed bridge Opened: 12 August 2004 Max Toll: 65 euros 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Economy Growth 🌎 Since its first year of operation, the bridge recorded 1.2 million additional transits between the town of Rio in Peloponnese and Antirrio in the north of the Gulf of Patras. The 2,880-metre-long bridge dramatically improves access to and from the Peloponnese, which could previously be reached only by ferry. The Observatory says that this resulted in an overall economic benefit for the drivers estimated at around 400 million euros to date, with an additional benefit of more than one billion in the period 2017-2032. FOUNDATIONS ENGINEERING 🏗 The Rion-Antirion Bridge’s pylons are made from reinforced concrete and pylon legs range from 25m to 45m above sea level. The pylon heads reach a total of 160m above sea level. Because of the high seismic activity of the area, the Rion-Antirion Bridge required seabed reinforcement via 200 hollow steel pipes (for each pier) driven into the seabed and topped with gravel. A 27.2m-wide deck contains two traffic lanes plus a safety lane and pedestrian walkway in both directions. The structure of the deck is composite with a steel frame of two longitudinal 2.2m-high plate girders with transverse plate girders. Foundations consist of large diameter (90 m) caissons, resting on the seabed (see figure 3). The top 20 m of soils are rather heterogeneous and of low mechanical characteristics. To provide sufficient shear strength to these soil strata, which have to carry large seismic forces coming from structural inertia forces and hydrodynamic water pressures, the upper soil layer is reinforced by inclusions. These inclusions are hollow steel pipes, 25 to 30 m long, 2 m in diameter, driven into the upper layer at a regular spacing of 7 to 8 m (depending on the pier); about 250 pipes are driven in at each pier location. They are topped by a 3 m thick, properly levelled gravel layer, on which the foundation's rest. Source: Greek Reporter, Road Traffic Technology Read more: What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Concrete variable radius arch dam explained

Quick FACTS 🧾 Architect: Gottfried Semper Construction period: Originally built in 1841, then 1878 (first reconstruction) and 1985 (second reconstruction). Building style: early Renaissance and Baroque, with Corinthian style pillars typical of Greek classical revival. The Semperoper is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera) and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden(Saxon State Orchestra). Official Website: http://www.semperoper.de Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. The Ultimate Dresden State Opera DVD Available to buy on Amazon here History 📑 The opera house opened on 13 April 1841 with an opera by Carl Maria von Weber. The building is considered to be a prime example of "Dresden Baroque" architecture. It is situated on the Theatre Square in central Dresden on the bank of the Elbe River. On top of the portal, there is a Panther quadriga with a statue of Dionysos. The interior was created by architects of the time, such as Johannes Schilling. Monuments on the portal depict artists, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, William Shakespeare, Sophocles, Molière and Euripides. In 1945, during the last months of World War II, the building was largely destroyed again, this time by the bombing of Dresden and subsequent firestorm, leaving only the exterior shell standing. Exactly 40 years later, on 13 February 1985, the opera's reconstruction was completed. It was rebuilt to be almost identical to its appearance before the war, but with the benefit of new stage machinery and an accompanying modern rear service building. Source: Wikipedia Some of the Artists associated with the Opera House Conductors Carl Gottlieb Reißiger Richard Wagner Ernst von Schuch (1889–1914) Singers Bernd Aldenhoff Elisabeth Höngen Friedrich Plaschke

General Info 📚 Capacity: 623 Opened: 1732 Architect: Antonio Azzopardi and Francesco Zerafa Address: 115, Old Theatre Street Valletta Malta 🇲🇹 Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/teatru.manoel/ Official Website: https://www.teatrumanoel.com.mt 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 History 📑 Construction was finished in only ten months. This, however, maybe because alterations were made to the fabric of the three adjoining houses, incorporating them into a theatre. The building occupied an area of 94½ square canes, which was later altered to 93 square canes and 2½ palms. The theatre is said to have been modelled after the contemporary Palermo Theatre. Its auditorium was originally semi-circular or horseshoe-shaped, with an illuminated parterre that served as a small dance floor. The first theatrical performance to be staged at the Teatro Pubblico was Scipione Maffei's classic tragedy Merope, on January 9, 1732. The actors in that production were the Knights themselves, and the set was designed by the Knights' chief military architect, Francois Mondion. Quick Facts The theatre retains many of its original features dating back to 1731 when it was constructed. The perfect acoustics make for an unforgettable experience during performances. Considered by many as Malta’s national theatre and home of the Malta Philharmonic Orchestra Boasts a small museum with historical theatrical artefacts and insights from the Manoel Theatre’s rich past Source: Maltauncovered.com The Ultimate tour guide for Malta 🇲🇹 Available to buy on Amazon for only £6.47 What People are saying on TripAdvisor Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019

General Design Information ℹ️ Height: 170 m (560 ft) Construction date: 2001-2005 Cost: £35.6 million 🤑 Floor count: 4 Architect: HGP Greentree Allchurch Evans Structural engineer: Scott Wilson Halcrow Yolles Main contractor: Mowlem Website: https://www.spinnakertower.co.uk 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Structure 🗼 The tower represents sails billowing in the wind, a design accomplished using two large, white, sweeping metal arcs, which give the tower its spinnaker sail design. The steelwork was fabricated by Butterley Engineering. The height of the structure makes it one of the tallest structures in the UK outside London. The design is similar to the Burj Al Arab in Dubai, whose structure is a little less than twice as tall at 323 metres (1,060 ft). The overall development project was over budget, with the tower costing £35.6 million alone. Taxpayers were never intended to fund the tower, but Portsmouth City Council eventually contributed £11.1 million towards construction. The tower was originally called the Portsmouth Millennium Tower and was designed as a monument to commemorate the Millennium celebrations in 2000. Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

General Specifications ⚒️ Capacity: 99,354 Construction: 1954–1957 Field size: 105 m × 68 m (115 yds × 74 yds) Height: 48 m Architect: Francesc Mitjans and Josep Soteras Record attendance: 98,812 (FC Barcelona vs Arsenal F.C.), 2019 Joan Gamper Trophy Final 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 FC Barcelona Trophies list 🏆 La Liga: 24 Champions League/European Cup: 5 UEFA Cup/Europa League: 4 Copa del Rey: 29 Copa de La Liga: 2 European SuperCup: 5 Spanish SuperCopa/Copa Eva Duarte: 15 Club World Cup/Intercontinental Cup: 3 Total 87 Buy visit tickets here from: 26 euros Camp Nou Experience Read more: Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

Modern structures are impressive, tall, long super light but some of the most impressive structures were constructed thousands of years ago. Learn more about Structures and Why things don't fall done here 5. The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China (萬里長城; pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng) is the collective name of a series of fortification systems generally built across the historical northern borders of China to protect and consolidate territories of Chinese states and empires against various nomadic groups of the steppe and their polities. The most well-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi). This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. 4. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995, the first-ever property to be included in the cultural landscape category of the World Heritage List. Maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals. 3.Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur The Brihadeshvara temple plan and development utilizes the axial and symmetrical geometry rules. It is classified as Perunkoil (also called Madakkoil), a big temple built on a higher platform of a natural or man-made mound. The temple complex is a rectangle that is almost two stacked squares, covering 240.79 metres (790.0 ft) east to west, and 121.92 metres (400.0 ft) north to south. In this space are five main sections: the sanctum with the towering superstructure (sri vimana), the Nandi hall in front (Nandi-mandapam) community hall (mukhamandapam), the great gathering hall (mahamandapam) pavilion that connects the great hall with the, sanctum (ardhamandapam) The temple complex integrates a large pillared and covered veranda (prakara) in its spacious courtyard, with a perimeter of about 450 metres (1,480 ft) for circumambulation. 2. Hagia Sophia FACTS 🏗 Material: Ashlar, brick Length:82 m (269 ft) Width: 73 m (240 ft) Height: 55 m(180 ft) Beginning date: 532 Completion date: 537; 1482 years ago The Hagia Sophia construction consists of mostly masonry. The structure is composed of brick and mortar joints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces displaced very evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand and ceramic pieces could be considered to be the equivalent of modern concrete at the time. 1. Parthenon FACTS📚 Construction Dates: 447 BC - 432 BC Destroyed: Partially on 26 September 1687 Height: 3.72 m (45.0 ft) Dimensions: Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft) Size: 69.5 x 30.9 m (228 x 101 ft) Architect: Iktinos, Callicrates Other designers: Phidias (sculptor) The origin of the Parthenon's name is from the Greek word παρθενών (Parthenon), which referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house and in the Parthenon's case seems to have been used at first only for a particular room of the temple, it is debated which room this is and how the room acquired its name. The Parthenon is a peripteral octastyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features. It stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps. In common with other Greek temples, it is of post and lintel construction and is surrounded by columns ('peripteral') carrying an entablature. source: Wikipedia Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change

5.Panama City, Panama🇵🇦 4. London, United Kingdom 🇬🇧 3.Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 🇦🇪 2.Fortaleza, Brazil🇧🇷 1. Dubai, United Arab Emirates 🇦🇪 Read more: 5 books you NEED to own if you are a 1st-year civil engineering student What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change Dracula's luxurious residence has 57 rooms and has its own private wooden church Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022