COVID-19 to this day has infected 6.8 million and killed 397 thousand people making it one of the deadliest global pandemics of modern history. The reopening of shops and offices will create new engineering challenges in adapting existing infrastructure and designing new, for allowing social distancing practice for the new norm of post-COVID period. Engineers, Architects and Urban designers should come together to identify and tackle the issues concerning social distancing in public spaces for the near and far future. Here are some concepts that could be easily adjusted: Automatic Sliding Doors Contactless Security Systems Advanced ventilation systems Smart Crowds control Social distancing signage 1. Automatic Sliding Doors The longest viability of both viruses was on stainless steel and plastic; the estimated median half-life of SARS-CoV-2 was approximately 5.6 hours on stainless steel and 6.8 hours on plastic" According to BBC: An alarming recent study published by researchers at Imperial College London showed that viral DNA left on a hospital bed rail in an isolation room had spread within ten hours to 18 other surfaces, including door handles, chairs in a waiting room, children's toys and books in a play area. Read the full article here: Automatic doors technology is cheap and safe, use them and make it standard practice for public infrastructure. 2. Contactless Security Systems Near-field communication(NFC) is a set of communication protocols for communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1​1⁄2 in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection with a simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. Touch-free Elevators Motion detection doors NFC technology was invented in 2002 - Transport of London (TfL) introduced contactless OYSTER Card in 2004 - Is it about time for contactless technology to become the new norm to every household door/ building entrance where security is required? EXAMPLE: The system installed by Estonian tech company Ninja Solutions lets tenants open doors and elevators with their smartphones, and validate their use of rented areas with smartphone biometrics. Security staff have been replaced by CCTV. Navigator Office Center is located at Laeva Street between the Rotermann Quarter and Tallinn’s Old City harbour, Estonia. Tenants include a Bentley Showroom, Carlson Wagonlit Travel’s Tallinn branch, a dental clinic, a private equity company, and a range of advertising firms. Madis Laas, CIO of Ninja Solutions, said that the integration had been planned for the spring, but the Covid-19 pandemic brought it forward. “We can run the transition in 10 days almost remotely with our partners despite the border closures,” he said, adding that the hardware must already be integrated, and the customer needs to be “highly cooperative”. Read More: https://mobilization.io/ 3. Advanced ventilation systems The construction typology of the curtain wall arose with Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace and accelerated in the 20th century. Separating a building’s enclosing wall from its structure enabled an independent development of façade and structure, greater flexibility in design and the incredible lightness of buildings. A main driver for the ongoing development was an increasing awareness for energy saving. Improvements in coatings and double and triple layer insulation glass reduced the thermal losses through the transparent areas of a building. Concepts integrate heating, ventilation, air conditioning, shading, and sound insulation, reducing energy consumption and increasing user comfort. To achieve these facades a pressurised air supply or a ventilation system is used adopting the concept of pressurized multilayer ETFE-foil cushion panels for construction. Different Ventilation Concepts Buffer systems [a] establish a conditioned air system without an interaction. The air conditioning is realised by natural or mechanical ventilation. Extract-Air-Systems [b] use the warm exhaust air of the interior space to increase constantly the temperature of the cavity. A mechanical ventilation system is used for the rooms. Exchange-Air-Systems [c] use natural ventilation within the cavity to guide tempered air into the rooms and extract the used air for a constant exchange process. Source: igsmag.com 4. Smart Crowds control Simulation Software Generate simulations with predictive capacity across a wide range of scenarios and explore how pedestrians and crowds interact with infrastructure. Perform virtual experiments on the design and operation of a site and assess the impact of different levels of pedestrian demand. With sophisticated modelling, analysis, and presentation capabilities for projects ranging from airports to train stations to sports venues, LEGION Simulator helps enhance pedestrian flow and improve safety by allowing the users to test evacuation strategies at any point of the simulations. Scientifically Validated: Based on extensive scientific research of pedestrians’ behaviour in real contexts. Algorithms are patented, and simulation results have been validated against empirical measurements and qualitative studies. Interoperable: Integrate with other applications to understand the interaction among pedestrians and vehicles and individuals' reaction to temperature and other variables. Accurate Reporting: Export and report clear outputs via maps, graphs, and videos to accurately inform stakeholders about crowd density, evacuation, space utilization, social cost, and preferred paths over time. Source: Bentley 5. Social distancing signage UK Department of Transport: Traffic Signs to Support Social Distancing pdf :

General Information ℹ️ The diamond shape design combines functionality and modern design solutions, increasing open spaces and enhances the multifunctional uses of rooms. The National Library of Belarus is the biggest library in the Republic of Belarus. Its depository collections include about 10 million items of various media. The height of the building is 73.6 metres (241.5 feet) and weight is 115 000 tones (not including books). The building has 23 floors. Designed by architects Mihail Vinogradov and Viktor Kramarenko. Location: Minsk. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. History 📑 In 1989 a USSR-wide contest was held to choose the best architectural design for the Library. The winners – architects Viktor Kramarenko and Mikhail Vinogradov – suggested the Belarusian diamond design that combines functionality and modern design solutions The country’s top library was founded in 1922 under the aegis of the Belarusian State University. Back then it was named the Belarusian State and University Library. Initially, it contained 60,000 books. The design envisaged the construction of an original building in the shape of a rhombicuboctahedron — a complex polyhedron of 18 squares and 8 triangles resting on a supporting podium (stylobate). The surface of the diamond is covered by glass. The authors wanted the cut diamond shape to symbolize the value of knowledge and the endlessness of the perceptible world. Nevertheless, it took 13 years to get the daring design approved and implemented RECOMMENDED VIDEO FOR YOU What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Engineering 🏗 LED Technology The architect and professor Viktor Kramarenko describes the challenge: “At sunset the brightness of the facade fades, the outdoor lighting is not effective and therefore the glass panels reflect the light into the space. The suggestion was to hide the light sources behind the glass, creating a large 25×25 monitor with a diameter of 62 m. 4,646 LED colour changing panels were placed around the building, as a result, viewers can see from far away, a fantastic show with incredible dynamic graphics. It is extraordinary building engineers and lighting designers created. source: Wikiarquitectura, Belarus.by The Ultimate tour guide for Belarus 🇧🇾 Available to buy on Amazon for only £13.29

On the 26th of April 1986 (33 years ago) the worst nuclear disaster in history happened. The No.4 nuclear reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded due to a fault in the safety system of the reactor. The New Safe Confinement is a megaproject that is part of the Shelter Implementation Plan and supported by the Chernobyl Shelter Fund. Design to contain the radiation for the next 100 years minimising the exposure. At a height of 109 meters and a length of 257 meters, the shield is the world’s largest movable metal structure. The New Safe Confinement will prevent the release of contaminated material from the present shelter and at the same time protect the structure from external impacts such as extreme weather. The construction of the huge structure happened offsite and slid into place to minimise the exposure to radiation. Death rolls of the explosion are approximated to be around 4,000 people per United Nations Foundation Design Foundations were designed to support the weight of the arches of the mega-structure and also have to support the rail tracks which will have to roll 180 m(590ft) from the construction site into place over reactor 4. Digging and cutting into the upper layers of the ground must be minimised because the soil is heavily contaminated with nuclear debris from the disastrous explosion. The site of the New Safe Confinement is slightly sloped, from 117.5m (385 ft) to 144m (473 ft) (east to west). A requirement of a minimal site levelling was required. Solution: A final design consisted of three lines of two 4.5 x 1.0 metres (14.7 x 3.28 ft) foundation panels, every 21 metres (69 ft) in length and a 4m (13 ft) high pile cap. The contract for this unprecedented design and construction project was awarded to the Novarka consortium led by the French construction companies Bouygues and Vinci in 2007. Read more: 5 Structures you can't miss when visiting Madrid, Spain Planning a trip to Cologne? This is everything you need to know about Cologne Cathedral What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world? Worth £630 million is the new stadium for AC Milan and Inter planned to open in 2022

Architectural Insight The almost 2000-year-old Pantheon, one of the few ancient Roman structures still standing to its original glory, is a true testament. The spectacular design, proportions, elegance, and harmony are a striking reminder of the architecture of the great Roman Empire. When Michelangelo saw this wonder for the first time he said: "It looks more like the work of angels, not humans". 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Build originally as a temple to all gods as its name suggests, " Pantheon" that translates to "All gods" in Greek. It is a bit of a mystery how it managed to successfully survive the damage of time and gravity, including barbarian raids. Being one of the best-preserved Ancient Roman monuments it was turned into a church in 609 AD. The structure itself was way ahead of its time. In fact, the exact composition of the material is still unknown and appears structurally similar to modern-day concrete. The most fascinating part of the Pantheon is its giant dome, with its famous hole in the top (The eye of the Pantheon, or oculus). The dome was the largest in the world for 1300 years and until today it remains the largest unsupported dome in the world! The diameter of the dome is 43.30 meters (142 ft) and it is in perfect proportion in fact that the distance from the floor to the top of the dome is exactly equal to its diameter. The great architectural achievement was due to the massive weight of the large dome. Roman engineers lightened the dome as much as possible; not only its thickness progressively decreases, but the materials used in the upper part of the dome were lighter. The decrease in thickness has the effect that while the interior of the ceiling is spherical and its exterior is slightly “flattened”. It is larger than the dome of St. Peter’s basilica but since it seems flattened from the outside it is hard to get a full sense of its dimension. ▶︎A lighting effect can be viewed on April 21 when the midday sun strikes a metal grille above the doorway, saturating the courtyard outside with light. The Romans celebrated April 21 as the founding date of the city. ▶︎The impressive sight of their Emperor standing at the entrance of the Pantheon surrounded by the light coming from inside the pantheon might have been seen as something that, in effect, raised their emperor to the level of the gods and invited him in to join them. ▶︎The 16 massive Corinthian columns supporting the portico weigh 60 tons each. They are 11.8 m tall, 1.5 m in diameter and brought all the way from Egypt. Read more: Reims Cathedral visit tour Guide Everything you need to know about the iconic Norte-Dame de Paris before in burned to ashes New £7.5 billion motorway connecting Belarus to China was approved by Putin

The legendary San Siro Stadium is getting demolished after 93 years in service The stadium had a total capacity of 80,018 and a field size of 105m x 68m Both Inter and Milan teams agreed for a new 60,000 capacity venue built next to San Siro The iconic stadium hosted the 1934 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1980, 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as boxing and many concerts 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 The stadium in Milan was designed by architect Stacchini and engineer Cugini based on an Anglo-Saxon model, characterised by four independent stands. The construction began in 1925 at “ Via Piccolomini 5, 20151” in Milan. In total, the stadium undertook four renovations, in 1935, 1955, 1990 and in 2015-16. In 1955, engineers Armando Ronca and Ferruccio Calzolari developed the project for the second extension of the stadium, which was meant to increase the capacity from 50,000 to 150,000 visitors. Calzolari and Ronca proposed three additional, vertically arranged, rings of spectator rows. Nineteen spiralling ramps – each 200 metres long – gave access to the upper tiers. During construction, the realisation of the highest of the three rings was abandoned and the number of visitors limited to 100,000. The four main towers are 51 metres in height and support the roofs main beams. The new stadium will be constructed partly below street level to reduce the visual impact on the nearby neighbourhood. The area around the stadium will be developed hence renovating that area of the city of Milan. Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-7172033/Inter-join-AC-Milan-agreeing-knock-iconic-San-Siro.html Read more: Concrete variable radius arch dam explained New York City is planning to expand Manhattan into East River to battle climate change For more stories visit Structure's Insider Archives

Structure's General Information ℹ️ Location: Via Carlo Maria Martini, 1 20122 Milan, Italy 🇮🇹 Architect: Simone da Orsenigo Style: Italian/ Rayonnant Gothic Construction Start Date: 1386 Website: Milan Duomo Tickets: at Milan Cathedral and Rooftop Ticket from 14.92£ CORONAVIROUS OUTBREAK COST ALOT OF TOURISM INCOME TO THE CITY OF MILAN The death toll in Italy has passed 230, with officials reporting more than 36 deaths in 24 hours. - BBC reports Over five million people visit the Duomo every year, according to Culture Trip. Architectural Insight The Duomo is the fifth largest Christian church in the world and remains incomplete for centuries. They say there are more statues on this gothic-style cathedral than any other building in the world. There are 3,400 statues, 135 gargoyles and 700 figures that decorate Milan Duomo! Climb the stairs or take the lift to the rooftop to fully appreciate the architecture of the most renowned silhouette in the city. The highest point of the dome occupies the Madonnina (Little Madonna), the 4.16 meters (13.6 feet) large golden statue at 108.5 meters (356 feet) height shines afar in the sun. Milan: The ghost city of Europe as coronavirus strikes in Europe. Engineering Insight Construction began in 1386 and finished centuries after in 1965 taking an astonishing 579 years to build. The materials used were Brick with local Candoglia marble. Three main buildings had to be demolished prior to the construction works could start. as a starting point in 1386, 300 workers led by chief engineer Simone da Orsenigo were appointed to the project. The cathedral can accommodate a capacity of 40,000 spectators. Dimensions specifications : 158.6 x 92 x 108 metres Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider

Guest Blog Post - by Tyler Ley's Overview of the ATC If you’ve heard me talk recently, you have probably heard me mention the ATC, or the Autonomous Truck Corridor.  This is an idea that I came up with by working with an awesome team at Oklahoma State, Penn State, and University North Carolina Charlotte.  This is an idea that has infected my brain. I can’t get it out, and so I thought I would write a blog post about it. I also have some videos I have made about the concept at the end of the post. The US National Highway System (NHS) is critical for the efficient transport of goods and the safety and freedom of the travelling public.  A special vehicle on the NHS is heavy freight trucks. Here are a few of the issues related to heavy freight trucks on the NHS: It is uncomfortable for passenger vehicles to travel with freight trucks because of the large size and their high propensity for injury-related accidents.  Conflicts between passenger vehicles and trucks cause more than 4,000 fatalities and an equal amount of incapacitations every year. A surprising statistic is that 1 in 10 highway deaths involve a heavy truck [1]. The fuel for freight trucks is costly and is responsible for 7% of greenhouse gas emissions.  There is a 30% understaffing in qualified truck drivers and there is an estimated $63B per year loss due to traffic delays.  This is a huge issue for the trucking industry. These freight trucks carry more than 50% of the US Gross Domestic Product, and the traffic loadings from freight trucks are the primary input for the design calculations for all roads and bridges.  Most roadways are assumed to fail from fatigue loading. Past studies have shown that damage is increased in a roadway by the fourth power [2]. This means that if the loading of a vehicle is only increased by 10% then the damage will be nearly 50% (1.1^4 = 1.46). This means that if a truck axle is loaded to 20,000 lbs and a typical sedan is 2,000 lbs then the truck will cause 10,000x more damage. By removing these trucks from the roadways, the service life of existing pavements will be greatly extended. Vehicle manufacturers are developing autonomous and electric trucks to address these needs but their limited haul distances and challenges interfacing with passenger vehicles have not allowed them to enter the market yet.  If these needs are addressed it would create a monumental improvement in the US economy while improving the lives of the travelling public, and reducing the impact on the environment. I am part of a team of engineers who have a vision for a heavy freight truck corridor with a long life that uses autonomous, continuously powered, and electric heavy freight trucks.  This corridor will be separated from passenger cars, specially designed for autonomous heavy freight trucks, and have an overhead electric power line to provide constant power. We call it the Autonomous Truck Corridor or ATC for short.  Pretty cool name right?  The ATC is a game-changer because the freight trucks can travel continuously without stopping, the vehicles can travel at higher speeds and at closer spacing, and the vehicles will be separated from passenger vehicles and so they can be autonomous. Batteries on the trucks will be charged so that they can remain powered once they leave the ATC to make local deliveries.  This corridor will be largely built using existing right of way or it can be added as major highways are expanded. This will reduce land acquisition cost, allow freight to follow existing delivery lines, and leverage existing infrastructure. This will create unbelievable economic opportunities for the US.   ​ The ATC will reduce delivery times up to 50% while reducing traffic on existing highways.  This reduction in traffic will improve diver safety and extend the life of existing roadways.  The proposed electric motors are more energy-efficient and will reduce costs and emissions by > 25% per mile.  A portion of these savings could be used to pay for the cost and maintenance of the ATC. View Tyler's blog here References: “Large Trucks”. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Highway Loss Data Institute. December 2017. https://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/large-trucks/fatalityfacts/large-trucksYang H. Huang. “Pavement Analysis and Design” (2nd Edition). Pearson. 2003. A bit about the Author Source of information: www.tylerley.com ​I have​ more than 20 years of experience in the fields of structural and concrete materials engineering.  During this time I have worked as an engineer with a design consultant, construction contractor, government agency, and as a professor.  This practical experience has made me a better teacher and researcher.  I enjoy teaching.  Some of the awards that I have received include: the Halliburton Excellent Young Teaching Award in 2011, the Williams Foundation Professor in 2013 for the College of Engineering, the ACI Walter P. Moore Faculty Achievement Award in 2014, the Researcher of the Year Award from the College of Engineering in 2014, Halliburton Excellent Young Professor in 2014, the OSU Regents Research Award in 2014, and the ACPA Martin J. Knutson Award in 2017 and was named the outstanding professor at a research university by the Oklahoma Foundation of Excellence in 2018. I am very active in the American Concrete Institute where I am a voting member of the Concrete Durability, Material Science, Concrete Proportioning, and Sustainability Technical committees.  In addition, I serve on the executive committee of the National Concrete Consortium, a group made up of DOT engineers from 35 different states.  I also served as the president of the American Ceramics Society Cements Division in 2016.  I have a passion for creating innovative learning content.  My websites are visited by over 50,000 people per year and my education content on YouTube has been watched over 2.5 million times.

Notre-Dame de Reims meaning "Our Lady of Reims", known in English as Reims Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the French city of its same name. The cathedral was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and is famous for being the traditional location for the coronation of the kings of France. Construction of Reims Cathedral began in the 13th century and concluded in the 15th century. The cathedral, a major tourist destination, receives about one million visitors annually. Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories. Fast Facts🚧 Length: 149.17 m (489.4 ft) Floor area: 6,650 m2 (71,600 sq ft) Number of towers: 2 Tower height: 81 m (266 ft) Bells: 2 (in the south tower) History 𓀝 In 816, the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious was crowned in Reims by Pope Stephen IV. On 18 October 862, in the presence of King Charles the Bald, Hincmar dedicated the new church, which measured 86 m (282 ft) and had two transepts. At the beginning of the 10th century, an ancient crypt underneath the original church was rediscovered. Under Archbishop Hervé, the crypt (which had been the initial centre of the previous churches above it) was cleared, renovated, and then rededicated to Saint Remi. The altar has been located above the crypt for 15 centuries. Architecture🏢 The cathedral’s historic site, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1991, includes the former Abbey of Saint-Rémi (begun about 1170 and containing the remains of the 5th–6th-century archbishop St. Remigius) and the archepiscopal Tau Palace (reconstructed in the 17th century). The restoration was undertaken in the 20th century after the cathedral was seriously damaged by shelling during World War I. The monument displays a classic unity to which the successive builders remained faithful, through the decades, by conserving as closely as possible the architectural vision adopted during the years of 1210-1230. Source: www.britannica.com Read more: Everything you need to know about Brussels Town Hall Top 5 engineering consulting firms 2019 Are you visiting Portugal? 🇵🇹 YOU definitely don't want to miss visiting the Batalha Monastery What's the most impressive ancient structure in the world?

A large section of the roof has completely destroyed at Dutch club AZ Alkmaar's stadium, due to high-speed winds in the Netherlands. AZ Alkmaar will launch an investigation after part of the roof at the AFAS Stadium collapsed on Saturday. No injuries were recorded. The Dutch Eredivisie club's general manager Robert Eenhorn said at a press conference where he also announced an investigation into the incident. He said: "This surprised us all. We are very shocked but especially happy that there was no human suffering. "In the coming days we will conduct a study with experts in this field. Only when that investigation has been done can we elaborate on the matter. It is much too early for that now." Their next home game is a Europa League third-round qualifier against Ukraine's FC Mariupol on Thursday. However the match is not confirmed to happen. Eenhorn said: "No matches will be played in the stadium if the situation is not safe." Source: BBC , EveningStandard Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider

STORM DENNIS will thrash Britain with severe winds and unleash torrential downpours this weekend, just one week after areas were flooded and people were forced from their homes after Storm Ciara. The government said it was investing "record" amounts in new flood defences that would protect 300,000 homes. However, the Environment Agency recently warned that whole communities may need to be moved away from coasts as a result of flooding caused by the climate crisis. EasyJet has cancelled more than 60 flights due to depart on Sunday 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 How the UK Environmental Agency is getting ready for the storm. TheGuardian Reports: By late on Saturday night there were 104 active flood warnings in England and Wales urging people to take immediate action, with another 369 flood alerts. The Met Office has issued eight weather warnings covering most of the UK for this weekend, with hundreds of homes and businesses at risk of flooding. EasyJet has cancelled more than 60 flights due to depart on Sunday, most of its route to Geneva, as well as to Spain, Portugal and the Canary Islands. The worst effects were felt at sea, with two bodies pulled from the waters off the Kent coast. One man was found off Herne Bay and declared dead at the scene, while another lost his life after falling from an oil tanker. His body was found near Margate. PHOTO of the day. The aftermath of Storm Desmond in Carlisle. The research showed that river defences prevented £2.2bn worth of damage in Cumbria in December 2015. Photograph: Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images Closer examination of what happened in Cumbria in December 2015 shows the flooding caused by Storm Desmond would have done damage worth three-and-a-half times as much without river water defences – £2.8bn rather than £600m. Sources: www.express.co.uk/news/weather, theguardian.com

According to BBC: Emergency work is under way to repair the Toddbrook Reservoir dam in Derbyshire after it was damaged by heavy rain. About 1,500 residents were evacuated from Whaley Bridge on Thursday evening amid fears they were in "mortal danger". Engineers pumped water out of the reservoir in an attempt to stop up to 300 million gallons of water bursting through the damaged dam. An RAF Chinook is flying in repair materials to shore up the dam and dropping 400 tonnes of aggregate to stop more water getting in. Toddbrook Reservoir - Facts 📐📚 Toddbrook Reservoir opened in 1838 as a feeder for the Peak Forest Canal. It is located near the town of Whaley Bridge in Derbyshire, England. Catchment area: 1,700 ha (4,200 acres). Surface area1: 4.6 ha (36 acres). Max. depth: 24 m (79 ft). Water volume: 1,288,000 cubic metres (283,000,000 imp gal). Surface elevation: 185.69 m (609.2 ft). Materials of dam: clay with sands and gravel. Watch the interview of PM Boris Johnson below 👇 Type of embankment The Toddbrook Reservoir dam uses an earth embankment system to retain the water mass of the reservoir. The design of the dam has to account for: #1 The Stability against sliding failure of the embankment. #2 Seepage Through Embankment and Foundation. #3 Seismic stability (Not applicable for UK dams) Source: BBC, The Guardian

In 1945 a B-25 Mitchell bomber crashed into the side of the Empire State Building. The accident didn't compromise the building's integrity but damaged floors 78 to 80. However, fourteen deaths were recorded. Damage estimated at $14 million in 2018. 👉 Visit Structures Insider's homepage for more stories.👈 Details 🗂 On Saturday, July 28, 1945, Lieut. Col. William F. Smith Jr. was piloting a B-25 Mitchell bomber on a routine personnel transport mission from Bedford Army Air Field in Massachusetts to Newark Airport in New Jersey. At 9:40 a.m., the aircraft crashed into the north side of the building carving an 18-by-20-foot (5.5 m × 6.1 m) hole where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located. One engine shot through the Southside opposite the impact and flew as far as the next block, dropping 900 feet (270 m) and landing on the roof of a nearby building and starting a fire that destroyed a penthouse art studio. The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. The resulting fire was extinguished in 40 minutes. It is still the only significant fire at such a height to be brought under control. Why the World Trade Centre didn't survive the hit and Empire State Building did? ✈️💥 WTC towers 1 and 2 were hit by Boeing 767 airliners travelling at around 500 MPH. At the time of impact, these aircraft weighed approximately 150 tons each and had an estimated 10,000 gallons of jet fuel on board that exploded on impact. The Empire State Building was hit by a B-25 medium bomber. The aircraft was lost over New York in fog and was trying to land. The B-25 probably weighed less than 15 tons at impact and was likely going under 200 MPH (320 km) at the time of impact. Fuel load at impact is unknown, however, it was coming in to land so was unlikely to be over 300 gallons. Conclusion🧐 The mass of the aircraft that hit the WTC was approximately 10 times as great. The speed of the aircraft that hit the WTC was over twice that of the B-25. That means the force of the impact on the WTC was over 20 times as great. Fuel in the B-25 was approximately 3% that of the fuel on the 767s at impact. Source: Wikipedia, Charles Fletcher (Quora) Follow us on Facebook @structuresinsider